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year 9 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

a biological catalyst made of protein and speeds up chemical reactions.

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2
Q

what are three processes in living organisms that are catalysed by enzymes.

A
  • respiration
  • digestion
  • building molecules
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3
Q

what is the lock and key method?

A

where the substrate fits the enzyme’s active site and they form a substrate complex. the substrate is broken down into products.

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4
Q

what functions do proteins carry out in the body?

A
  • structural components - muscle
  • hormones - insulin
  • antibodies.
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5
Q

what are enzymes involved in?

A
  • building large molecules from small ones
  • breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.
  • changing one molecule into another.
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6
Q

what happens if an enzyme becomes too hot or too cold?

A

above an enzyme’s optimum, the active site will become denatured and the substrate will no longer fit it. the forces holding the amino acids together will weaken.
too cold the enzyme won’t have enough kinetic energy to work fast enough.

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7
Q

what is ventilation?

A

the movement of air in and out of the lungs. needed to get oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out.

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8
Q

what happens when we breathe in?

A

the intercoastal muscles and the diaphragm contract. this means it flattens and the ribcage moves up and out. volume of the thorax increases which causes a decrease in pressure. air is drawn into the lungs.

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9
Q

what happens when we breathe out?

A

the intercoastal muscles and the diaphragm relax. this means the ribcage moves down and in. the volume of the thorax decreases and the pressure increases meaning the air is forced out of the lungs.

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10
Q

alveoli are good at gas exchange because?

A
  • thin walls
  • large surface area
  • good blood supply
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11
Q

what type of blood does the left side of the body carry?

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart then the body.

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12
Q

what type of blood does the right side of the body carry?

A

deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart and back to the lungs.

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13
Q

what are stents used for?

A
  • keep narrow blood vessels open and restore oxygen to the cells.
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14
Q

what are platelets?

A

small fragments of cells
help clot blood.

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15
Q

what are six things carried by plasma?

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • vitamins
  • hormones
  • carbon monoxide
  • urea
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16
Q

what are 3 ways white blood cells help the body fight against diseases?

A
  • phagocytes act by engulfing the and digesting the bacteria.
  • produces antibodies which target specific pathogens.
  • antibodies remain in the body so you will become immune.
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17
Q

what is transportation?

A

movement of water up a plant.

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18
Q

how is water pulled up?

A

pulled up in a column through the xylem behind it.

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19
Q

factors that affect diffusion?

A
  • light intensity
  • air movement
  • temperature
  • humidity
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20
Q

what is a potameter?

A

a cut plant is sealed into the potameter using a rubber bung. an air bubble is introduced to the capillary tube and the distance the bubble travels is how much water the stem has taken up.

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21
Q

what do xylem cells do?

A
  • moves water and solutes(nutrients) from the roots to the leaves.
  • made up of dead cells and lined with lignin which kills them.
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22
Q

what do phloem cells do?

A

moves sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant by a process known as translocation.

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23
Q

what do muscle cells have?

A

have protein fibres which can contract and relax.
- lots of mitochondria to release energy for contraction.

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24
Q

what do sperm cells have?

A
  • enzymes in it’s head to break down egg’s outer layer
  • tail so can swim to the egg
  • lots of mitochondria so has energy to swim to the egg.
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25
Q

what do nerve cells have?

A
  • long axon so can carry impulses around the body.
  • branches so can carry impulses around the body.
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26
Q

what does a root hair cell have?

A
  • root hair so can absorb water and minerals
  • large surface area
  • lots of mitochondria so it can absorb minerals by active transport.
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27
Q

what are the underside of leaves covered in?

A

stomata these are holes through which carbon dioxide can diffuse into the leaves and oxygen diffuse out.

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28
Q

what are guard cells?

A

on either side of the stomata to control gas exchange.

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29
Q

what is an artery?

A
  • direct blood flow away from the heart
  • walls are very thick
  • carry oxygenated blood around the body except for the pulmonary artery.
  • walls create a pulse
  • blood pressure very high
  • no valves.
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30
Q

what is a capillary?

A
  • direct blood flow through the tissues.
  • walls very thin
  • carries both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
  • glucose, carbon dioxide and oxygen movie in and out.
  • very small lumen size.
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31
Q

what is a vein?

A
  • directs blood flow into the heart
  • thin walls
  • deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein.
  • large lumen size.
  • has valves.
32
Q

what do red blood cells have?

A
  • contain haemoglobin
  • don’t have nucleus so can carry more haemoglobin.
  • made in bone marrow
  • destroyed in liver
33
Q

what does plasma have?

A

-yellow coloured liquid
- carries glucose, amino acids, hormones and vitamins.
- carries waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea.

34
Q

why are the walls of the heart thicker on the left side?

A

pump the blood under high pressure at a greater distance.

35
Q

how can damaged heart valves be replaced?

A

mechanical replacements

36
Q

what are pacemakers?

A

devices that can be implanted in your chest to correct irregular heart beats.

37
Q

what does the stomach make?

A

hydrochloric acid and provides and acidic ph for the enzymes but also kills microbes in food.

38
Q

what is bile?

A

made in the liver stored in the Gaul bladder is squirted onto food. bile neutralises stomach acids and provides an alkaline ph for intestine enzymes and emulsifies fats.

39
Q

why is the small intestine wall well adapted for absorption?

A
  • good blood supply
  • thin and many villi
  • large surface area.
40
Q

what is amylase?

A

breaks down starch into smaller molecules of sugar. made in the
- pancreas
- small intestine
acts in the mouth and small intestine.

41
Q

what is lipase?

A

breaks down fats into smaller molecules of fatty acids and glycerol. made in the
- pancreas
- small intestine wall
acts in the small intestine.

42
Q

what is protease?

A

breaks down protein into smaller molecules of amino acids. made in the
- small intestine
- pancreas
- stomach
acts in the stomach and small intestine.

43
Q

what does bile emulsifies fats mean?

A

breaks up chunks of fat into smaller pieces to give a larger surface area for lipase to act on.

44
Q

what function is chloroplasts?

A

contain chlorophyl and carries out photosynthesis.

45
Q

what is a cytoplasm

A

contains enzymes which drives the cell’s chemical reactions.

46
Q

what is the vacuole?

A

contains cell sap and helps support the cell.

47
Q

what is the capsule?

A

made of slime, stops bacteria from being digested by the immune system.

48
Q

how do you calculate the total magnification.

A

total magnification=eye piece/ objective.

49
Q

why do you use iodine on a slide?

A

if the specimen is colourless.

50
Q

what do red blood cells do?

A

carry oxygen around the body.

51
Q

what does a thin shape do?

A

gives large surface area

52
Q

what does a tall shape do?

A

means you can pack more cells at the top of the leaf

53
Q

what does lots of photosynthesis mean?

A

for photosynthesis.

54
Q

what is active transport?

A

movement of particles from a low to high concentration. against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration to move particles.

55
Q

where is active transport in a plant used?

A

roots to absorb minerals from the soil.

56
Q

where is active transport in an animal cell used?

A

small intestine to absorb nutrients into the blood.

57
Q

how does a plant divide?

A

-parent cell
- grows in size and replicates its DNA
-chromosomes line up in middle of cell
- cell begins to divide as chromosomes separate
- cell divides to make two genetically identical daughter so they can do the same job

58
Q

what is mitosis?

A

growth and repair, asexual reproduction

59
Q

what is meiosis?

A

for production of gametes (sex cells)

60
Q

what is osmosis?

A

when water moves from an area of dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane.

61
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane?

A

a membrane that only lets certain things through.

62
Q

what is a hypotonic cell?

A

a cell will gain water and could burst and become turgid.

63
Q

what is an isotonic cell?

A

has reached equilibrium because water in and out of the cell are equal.

64
Q

what is a hypertonic cell?

A

the cell will lose water and shrivel up there is a high concentration of water out and low concentration in.

65
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of particles form a high concentration to a low concentration down a concentration gradient.

66
Q

where would you need diffusion in nature?

A
  • respiration
  • glucose and oxygen to frequently move out.
67
Q

when is diffusion faster?

A

when the concentration is bigger and in gasses.

68
Q

what are the three factors that effect diffusion?

A
  • temperature- high means particles have more kinetic energy.
  • surface area- bigger surface area higher rate of diffusion
  • concentration gradient- steeper gradient= faster rate of diffusion.
69
Q

where are specialised cells found in plants and animals?

A

plant= root hair cell and xylem cells
animal= nerve cell and muscle cell

70
Q

where are tissues found in plants and animals?

A

plants= xylem tissue and phloem tissue
animals= muscle and nervous tissue.

71
Q

where are organs found in plants and animals?

A

plants= flower, leaves, roots, stems.
animals= liver, skin.

72
Q

where are organ systems found in plants and animals?

A

plants= water transport
animals= skeletal system, circulatory system, digestive system.

73
Q

where are organisms found in plants and animals?

A

plants= trees, flowers
animals= cats, dogs, donkeys, humans.

74
Q

what is the test for carbohydrates?

A

add iodine if solution turns blue/black starch/carbs present

75
Q

what is the test for proteins?

A

food into boiling tube add biuret solution purple = proteins present.

76
Q

what is the test for sugar?

A

use benedict reagent
put into boiling water for 5 minutes
change from blue, green, orange if sugar present

77
Q

what is the test for lipids?

A

add ethanol (highly flammable) if turns cloudy white then lipids present.

year 9 (3 decks)

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