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ugggghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is primary the role of the veins?

A

Carries the deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

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2
Q

How/where does blood flow through the veins? Name the 4 steps.

A
  • Flows through the right atrium and ventricle
  • Flows to the lung to get oxygenated
  • Returns to the heart through the left atrium and ventricle
  • Gets pumped out of the arteries
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3
Q

Explain the arteries, including the primary role and what happens to the blood.

A
  • Carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body tissues.
  • Oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the body
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body tissues and into the blood
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4
Q

How many chambers of the heart are there?

A

There are 4 chambers of the heart?

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5
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The aorta is the large artery leaving the heart.

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6
Q

What is the superior vena cava?

A

The superior vena cava is the large vein that brings that brings blood from the head and arms to the heart.

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7
Q

What is the inferior vena cava?

A

The inferior vena cava is the large vein that brings blood from the abdomen and legs to the heart.

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8
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the the lungs.

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9
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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10
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

4, two on each side of the heart.

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11
Q

What is the circulatory system and its purpose?

A

The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients and blood through the body, it also regulates body temperature and transports white blood cells to the ares of the body to fight an infection.

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12
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the blood?

A

Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets and plasma.

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13
Q

What is the role of red blood cells in blood?

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen, nutrients and other materials to and from tissues.

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14
Q

What is the role of white blood cells in blood?

A

White blood cells defend against bacteria and other disease causing organisms & invaders.

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15
Q

What is the role of platelets in blood?

A

Forms clots and stops or prevents bleeding.

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16
Q

What is the role of plasma in blood?

A

Liquid portion of the blood that helps carry the blood cells along.

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17
Q

What percentage of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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18
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Left and right atrium
Left and right ventricle

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19
Q

What are capillaries?

A

They are the smallest blood vessels, being only one cell thick, being thin walls that allow for gasses, nutrients and waste to pass through.

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20
Q

What is defusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of substances from a higher area of concentration to a lower area of concentration.

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21
Q

What are the two ways that your mouth breaks down food? Explain.

A

Mechanically: Teeth and tongue
Chemically: Food mixes with saliva

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22
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

The epiglottis is a flap-like structure at the back of the throat that closes over the trachea (located in the pharynx)

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23
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

It is the muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach, it is 20 cm long.

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24
Q

What are the main functions of esophagus?

A
  • Secretes mucus
  • Moving food from throat to stomach
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25
Q

What is the movement of food from throat to stomach called? How does it work?

A

Peristalsis, the muscle contracts and relaxes to slowly move the food along.

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26
Q

What are the negatives of eating too quickly or being under stress?

A

It can cause acidic fluid from the stomach to back up into your esophagus.

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27
Q

What is it called when acidic fluid from your stomach backs up into the esophagus?

A

Heartburn.

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28
Q

What are the 2 functions of mucus? Explain.

A
  • Protects digestive tube from enzymes
  • Allows materials to pass smoothly along the tube.
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29
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

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30
Q

What does the liver do?

A

The liver produces fluid called bile, helps break down fats in food, filters toxins & waste (drugs, alcohol, poisoning)

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31
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces insulin (hormone) which helps regulate glucose in the blood. Produces enzymes to digest fats and carbohydrates and proteins.

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32
Q

What is food found in the stomach called?

A

Chyme

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33
Q

How long is the small intesitne?

A

~6m long

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34
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

~1.5m long

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35
Q

What is on the lining on the small intestine?

A

Small finger like projections known as villi.

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36
Q

What is the purpose of villi?

A

Increases surface area for absorption.

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37
Q

What are microvilli? What is their purpose?

A

Villi are covered with microvilli to further increase surface area for absorption.

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38
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine do?

A
  • Secretes digestive enzymes.
  • Nutrients from food passes into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls
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39
Q

How much of the water and nutrients do the small intestine walls absorb?

A

~80%

Unsure

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40
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum

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41
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The food is digested from enzymes from the pancreas and gallbladder.

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42
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Stores, concentrates and secretes bile into the small intestine. Fatty diets can cause gallbladder stones.

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43
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Majority of absorption of food into the the blood stream

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44
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Absorbs bile and B12

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45
Q

What is the large intestine and it’s purpose (not functions)?

A

The large intestine accepts what the small intestine refuses, the remains solid matter is excreted as feces.

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46
Q

What is the main purpose of the rectum?

A

Waste is stored in the rectum.

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47
Q

What is the lining of the upper anus for?

A

To detect rectal contents.

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48
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

It’s a circular muscle that controls the movement of feces.

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49
Q

What is the internal sphincter?

A

It is always tight except when stool enter the rectum

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50
Q

What is the external sphincter.

A

Holds stool until excreted

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51
Q

What does ER stand for in cells?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

52
Q

What does the cytoplasm do in cells?

A

Mostly water, suspends organelles. Gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell composed of water, salts and other organic molecules.

53
Q

What does the cell membrane do in animal cells?

A

Separates interior and exterior of the cell, controlling what goes in and out.

54
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains DNA, directs activities and controls movement. Contains nucleolus.

55
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Found in nucleus, produces ribosomes.

56
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

Made of RNA and protein and produced in nucleolus. Produces proteins.

57
Q

What are the chromosones?

A

Package of DNA that is the information of the cell.

58
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell. Generates the energy (ATP) using glucose nessecary to power the cell

59
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A

Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes and steroids.

60
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

Produces proteins. Has ribosomes on it.

61
Q

What is the ER?

A

Fluid filled tube with many functions including transporting different materials. Composed of the smooth and rough ER

62
Q

What are the lysosomes?

A

Has an array of enzymes that capable of breaking down most biological polymers. The lysosomes break down food and old cell parts

63
Q

What are the golgi bodies?

A

Processes and packages proteins and lipids to be moved in or across the cell. Removes waste and secretes mucus.

64
Q

What do the vacuole do?

A

Removes waste & maitain fluid pressure and water balance

65
Q

What do the chlorplasts do?

A

In plant cells it makes glucose and is the site of photosynthesis

66
Q

How many pairs of chromosones are there per cell?

A

23 pairs / cell

67
Q

Describe chromosones in mitosis.

A

Chromosones are hereditary information. When a cell divides, each daughter cell the same 23 pairs.

68
Q

What are chromosones made of?

A

Each chromosone is made up of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.

69
Q

What are genes?

A

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait.

70
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the creation of identical daughter cells and is the second part of the cell cycle

71
Q

What is the first part of the cell cylcle?

A

Interphase

72
Q

What is the second part of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis

73
Q

What is the third part of the cell cycle?

A

Cytokinesis

74
Q

What happens in the interphase?

A

The ** interphase** is the first part of the cell cycle where the cell repairs, re-energizes, grows (G1), replicates DNA (s) and prepares for mitosis (G2)

75
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytokinesis is the third part of the cell cycle and is the physical process of cell division which the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells

76
Q

What is the first stage of mitosis?

A

Prophase

77
Q

What is the second stage of mitosis?

A

Metaphase (mark zuckerberg)

78
Q

What is the third stage of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

79
Q

What is the fourth stage of mitosis?

A

Telephase (telephone)

80
Q

What happens during the prophase?

A
81
Q

What happens during the metaphase?

A
82
Q

What happens during the anaphase?

A
83
Q

What happens in the telophase?

A
84
Q

What happens to the chromosones when the cell replicates?

A

The cell replicates it’s chromosones then equally splits to make sure each daughter cell has a full set (23)

85
Q

What are embyrionic stem cells?

A

5-7 day old cells that can differentiate into any cell type

86
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Existst in some tissues but can only form certain types of cells

87
Q

What is the centriole?

A

Organizes microtubes that serve as the cell’s skeletal system.

88
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death used during early development to eliminate unwanted cells (like how asian parents eliminate unwanted children lmao)

89
Q

Name the 4 traits cancer cells hold that healthy cells do not.

A
  • Divides uncontrollably
  • Variations of sizes and shapes
  • Nucleus is larger and darker
  • Cluster of cell with no boundary
90
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Mix of protein and DNA that form chromosones

91
Q

What is chromatid?

A

One of the 2 identical halves that has been replicated in preperation for cell division.

92
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Premature cell death due to injury

93
Q

When does cancer occur?

A

Cancer occurs when a loss of balance between cell division and cell death. The cells that should’ve died, instead divide uncontrollably

94
Q

Differentiate between benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) tumors.

A
  • Benign: the tumor doesn’t affect the surrounding tissues
  • Malignant: The tumor interferes with the functioning of the surrounding cells
95
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Cells break away from the original tumor and settle for a new location in the body.

96
Q

What are the causes of cancer? List 6

A
  • Nicotine (smoking)
  • Radiation from X-Rays
  • UV rays (sun, tanning beds)
  • Infections (HPV, Hepatitis B)
  • Certain chemicals and plastics (BPA)
  • Food additives
97
Q

Air travels through the [1], into the [2] then the [3].

The numbers in [] mean fill in the blanks

A
  1. Nose/mouth
  2. Pharynx (fancy pheonix)
  3. Larynx (larry + pharynx)
98
Q

Where are the vocal cords?

A

Larynx (Larry + Pharynx)

99
Q

When do vocal cords produce sound?

A

Vocal cords produces the sound of your voice when air moves through it.

100
Q

After the air travels through the larynx, it continues down the [1] and into [2] which leads to the [3]

A
  1. Trachea
  2. 2 bronchi
  3. Left and right lung
101
Q

Smaller tubes called bronchioles lead to the [1] which are the sities of [2]

A
  1. Alveoli
  2. Gas exchange
102
Q

Smaller tubes called [1] lead to the alveoli which are the sities of [2]

A
  1. Bonchioles
  2. Gas exhange
103
Q

Describe cellular respiration

A

Cells in your body need energy to work (comes from food & oxygen). Inhaling intakes oxygen. Oxygen is used to release glucose/food and carbon dioxide and dihydrogen monoxide are produced in the process as waste and carbon dioxide is removed when exhaling.

104
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by [?]

A

Capillaries

105
Q

Gas exchange occurs between the air in the [1] and the blood in the [3]

A
  1. Alveoli
  2. Capillaries
106
Q

Explain gas exchange.

A
  • Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries
  • Gas exchange occurs between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries
  • Red blood cells take up oxygen in the alveoli and give off carbon dioxide from the body
  • Carbon dioxide is exhaled
107
Q

Gas exchange:
[1] blood cells take up [2] in the alveoli and give off [3] from the body

A
  1. Red
  2. Oxygen
  3. Carbon Dioxide
108
Q

Gas exchange: [1] blood cells take up oxygen in the [2] and give off carbon dioxide from the [3]

A
  1. Red
  2. Alveoli
  3. Body
109
Q

What is another name for inhalation?

A

Inspiration (Larry’s Bio)

110
Q

What is another name for exhalation?

A

Expiration (expiration date on humans is…)

111
Q

Explain inhalation/larry’s bio

A
  • Ribs are pulled up & out
  • Diaphargm contracts and moves down
  • Increase in lung volume
  • Pressure in lung decreases
112
Q
  • Ribs are pulled [1] & [2]
  • Diaphargm [3] and moves [4]
  • Increase in lung [5]
  • Pressure in lung [6]
A
  1. Up
  2. Out
  3. Contracts
  4. Down
  5. Volume
  6. Decreases
113
Q
  • [1] are pulled up & out
  • [2] contracts and moves down
  • [3] in lung volume
  • [4] in lung decreases
A
  1. Ribs
  2. Diaphragm
  3. Increase
  4. Pressure
114
Q

What is the nasal passage?

A

Warms and moistens air, filters out dust and air borne particles (inhaling)

115
Q

What is the Mouth?

A

Warms and moistens air. (Inhaling)

116
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Acts as an opening to the trachea and esophagus.

117
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Houses the vocal cords. Lets air from pharynx to your trachea

Italisized: You may not need to know this (wasn’t in notes)

118
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Passageway connecting to the bronchi, lined with cilia to further remove things like dust.

119
Q

What is the lung?

A

Houses the alveoli and bronchioles, recieves air from the trachea.

120
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

Connects the trachea to the bronchioles in both the right & left lung

121
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

Carry air to & from the alveoli.

122
Q

What are the intercostal muscles?

A

Found between the ribs which contract during respiration.

123
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Located between the lungs which is the primary muscle in breathing.

124
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacks at the end of the bronchiole where gas exchange occurs.

125
Q

What are the 4 stages of digestion?

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorbtion, Elimination

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