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Biology Flashcards

Test 1

1
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Parts of DNA

A

Chromosomes, Genes, Cell

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2
Q

DNA shape

A

Double Helix

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2
Q

A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called…

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

Each Nucleotide consist of…

A

Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

Phosphate, Pentose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base

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2
Q

The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the…

A

Rungs

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3
Q

Four nitrogenous bases DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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4
Q

The sides of the DNA ladder are … held together by…

A

phosphate & sugar

hydrogen bonds.

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4
Q

A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a…

A

protein

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4
Q

The bases are arranged in triplets called…

A

codons (mRNA)

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4
Q

Each unique gene has a…

A

unique sequence of bases.

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4
Q

DNA is composed of repeating subunits called…

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

DNA Replication purpose

A

cells need to make a copy of DNA before dividing so each daughter cell has a complete copy of genetic information.

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5
Q

New DNA strand is

A

1/2 parent, 1/2 new

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5
Q

1st Step of DNA Replication

A
  1. Unwind DNA
    Helicase enzyme unwinds part of DNA helix stabilized by single-stranded binding proteins

PREVENTS DNA MOLECULE FROM CLOSING!

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5
Q

2nd Step of DNA replication

A
  1. RNA Primase
    Adds small section of RNA (RNA primer) to the 3’ end of template DNA
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5
Q

Why must RNA Primase be done?

A

DNA polymerase 3 (enzyme that builds new DNA strand) can only add nucleotides to existing strands of DNA

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5
Q

3rd Step of DNA replication

A

Build daughter DNA strand.
Add new complementary bases
With the help of the enzyme DNA polymerase III

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5
Q

4th Step of DNA replication

A

Replacement of RNA primer by DNA
Done by DNA polymerase I

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6
Q

Who was the structure of DNA established by

A

James Watson and Francis Crick.

Rosalind Franklin’s X Ray images of DNA were crucial for establishing its shape.

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6
Q

Oval is
Pentagon is
Rectangle is

A

Phosphate
Sugar
Base

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6
Q

DNA is found in

A

The nucleus

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7
Q

RNA shape

A

Single strand

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7
Q

Different in bases from DNA to RNA

A

Thymine is changed to uracil

8
Q

RNA sugar

A

Ribose

8
Q

Forms of RNA

A

(mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

8
Q

RNA shape

A

Single Strand

8
Q

Hemoglobin is…

A

a protein that makes up blood cells.

9
Q

Transcription includes…

A

mRNA leaving the nucleus and takes the code to ribosomes

9
Q

In protein synthesis, DNA is turned into

A

MRNA

9
Q

How does RNA make a protein?

A

RNA tells the ribosomes what protein to build.

10
Q

Every 3 letters (Codons) specifies a…

A

single amino acid.

11
Q

Proteins are made of…

A

many amino acids.

11
Q

Translation is

A

the message on mRNA used to make protein

11
Q

Shapes and composition of protein…

A

determine its functionality (ex: skin, muscles, blood cells)

12
Q

In translation, mRNA brings…

A

code to ribosomes

12
Q

Sickle Cell is caused by…

A

a change (mutation) in a single nucleotide. Leads to wrong amino acid therefore protein is the wrong shape.

13
Q

What Are Mutations?

A

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

14
Q

Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?

A

Almost all mutations are neutral.
A few are negative. A few are positive.

14
Q

Mutations may occur

A

in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
in gametes and be passed to offspring

14
Q

Many mutations are repaired by…

A

Enzymes

14
Q

Are mutations regular?

A

yes

15
Q

What can cause mutations

A

Chemicals & UV radiation.

15
Q

Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from

A

somatic mutations

16
Q

Types of Gene mutations

A

Point
Substitutions
Insertions
Deletions
Frameshift

16
Q

In translation, amino acids…

A

form a protein

16
Q

Gene Mutations may include

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. May only involve a single nucleotide. May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.

16
Q

Point Mutation in a Gene Mutation is the

A

Change of a single nucleotide. Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene

16
Q

Frameshift in a Gene Mutation is the

A

Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides.
Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence.
Proteins built incorrectly

17
Q

What is a lethal allele.

A

Lethal alleles (also referred to as lethal or lethals) are alleles that cause the death of the organism that carries them. Either recessive or co-dominant.

18
Q

What is polygenic inheritance

A

The inheritance of a trait governed by more than one genes.

19
Q

In a pedigree chart female and male are shown as.

A

circle - female
square - male

20
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual - usually expressed by letters

21
Q

How are genotypic ratios written

A

1:2:1. 2:2. 1:1:1:1.

22
Q

How are phenotypic ratios written

A

1 Red: 2 Pink: 1 White

23
Q

Ase is an

A

enzymes

24
Q

Ose is an

A

sugar

25
Q

Co-dominance

A

Two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time.

26
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Neither allele is dominant.

27
Q
A

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