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Revision > Biology B1 > Flashcards

Biology B1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of cell is a Prokaryote?

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

What 2 types of cell can a Eukaryote be?

A

Plant and Animal

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3
Q

Convert 2700000 into standard form?

A

2.7x10^6

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4
Q

What are the 4 main components of a Sperm Cell?

A

Flagellum (Tail)
Middle section (Mitochondria)
Head (Nucleus - 23 Chromosomes)
Acrosome (Tip - digestive enzymes)

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5
Q

What are the components of a Nerve Cell?

A

Axon (Electrical signals travel along)
Myelin sheath (Stops signal leaks)
Dendrites (Branches)

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6
Q

What mediums can we grow Microorganisms in?

A

Agar gel plate
Nutrient Broth

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7
Q

How do we work out Bacteria Division?

A

Bacteria at start x2^n
n = number of divisions

e.g. 20 minute division time
4 start bacteria
in 80 minutes there will be 4 divisions (80/20)
so 5*2^4 = 80 bacteria

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8
Q

What is the first stage of the Cell cycle?

A

Initial growth stage

Extra ribosomes, mitochondria etc.. are produced.

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9
Q

Explain the Mitosis stage in the Cell Cycle

A

Chromosomes are replicated

The 2 sets of chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, the nucleus then divides.

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10
Q

Explain the third stage of the Cell Cycle

A

Cell division
The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide, resulting in the production of 2 identical daughter cells.

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11
Q

Why is it important that the daughter cells in mitosis have the same chromosomes?

A

It is necessary for certain processes requiring identical cells to be produced.
E.g. growth and repair, asexual reproduction

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12
Q

Does Mitosis occur in Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Where a stem cell changes to become specialised for a job.

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14
Q

Through what process do undifferentiated cells divide?

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

Where are stem cells in plants found?

A

Meristems

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16
Q

Positives and Negatives of Embryonic stem cells

A

-
Potential for life
Can harm the patient

+
Embryos used in research would be disposed of anyway
Curing alive people is more important

17
Q

Why are Embryonic stem cells better than Bone Marrow?

A

Adult Marrow stem cells are limited and cannot differentiate into as many specialised cells as an Embryonic one.

18
Q

How can we preserve plants using stem cells?

A

Cuttings from a plant can continue to grow if given the correct conditions as meristem cells can differentiate at any time

19
Q

What are disadvantages of Stem cells?

A

Stem cell transplants can transfer infections
Ethical reasons

20
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

Particles moving to reach equilibrium

Spreading out from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient

21
Q

How are surface area and diffusion linked?

A

The larger the surface area the faster the Diffusion rate.

22
Q

How can we link Concentration gradient and Diffusion?

A

The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.

23
Q

Explain Osmosis

A

The movement of water particles from a high concentration gradient to a low one through a partially permeable membrane.

24
Q

Do you understand the Potato + sugar experiment?

A

I cba to explain its on page 21 of the book thingy

25
Q

What is the Dependent variable?

A

Thing that you measure

26
Q

Control variable?

A

Thing that stays the same

27
Q

Independent variable?

A

The one that you change

28
Q

What is Active transport?

A

Movement of particles from a low to a high concentration gradient
Uses Energy tho
E.g. root hair cells taking in water/minerals

29
Q

How does active transport happen in humans?

A

Active transport is used in the gut when there is a low concentration of nutrients in the intestine but a high concentration in the blood.

30
Q

What does the speed of gas exchange with environment depend on?

A

Surface area to volume ratio.

31
Q

How are some cells adapted to have fast substance exchange?

A

Large surface area
Thin membrane

32
Q

What are some examples of substance exchange surfaces?

A

Villi
Roots
Alveoli

33
Q

How are Alveoli specialised for gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Large surface area
Moist lining (dissolving gases)
Thin lining
A good blood supply

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