Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > Biology Ch. 2&3 > Flashcards

Biology Ch. 2&3 Flashcards

0
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What elements make up 96% of the weight of most cells?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Trace elements

A

Elements that are only required in small amounts, but you can’t live without them
-ex) iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Compound

A

Substance that contains two or more elements in a fixed ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that still retains elemental properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 3 particles are atoms composed of?

A

Protons (positive charge, inside nucleus)
Neutrons (neutral charge, inside nucleus)
Electrons (negative charge, orbit nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleus

A

Atom’s central core (duh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, what is the overall charge?

A

Neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atom, determines the element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mass

A

Measure of the amount of material in an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mass number

A

Sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Isotopes

A

Different forms of an element that only differ in the number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

The nucleus spontaneously decays, giving off particles and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Electron shell

A

Specific level at which an electron moves around the nucleus

-the farther away it is from the nucleus, the less energy it has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Attractions that bond atoms together to fill their outermost electron shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ionic bonds

A

-the transfer of electrons from one neutral atom to another to complete both outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ion

A

Atoms or molecules that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ionic compounds

A

Compounds held together by ionic bonds

-ex) table salt and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Covalent bond

A

Two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge

-ex) water, oxygen end is slightly negative while hydrogen end is positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak electrical attractions between other water molecules

-water molecules tend to orient so the hydrogen atom is closer to the oxygen on another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chemical reactions

A

The constant rearranging of chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reactants

A

Starting materials in a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Products

A

Materials that result from the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Water’s Four Life-Supporting Properties

A
  1. Cohesion
  2. Regulate temperature
  3. Ice floating
  4. Versatility of water as a solvent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency for molecules of the same kind to stick together

  • strongest for water
  • gives water surface tension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How water regulates temperature

A

Stores heat during warm periods, gives off heat during cold periods
-heat breaks hydrogen bonds, THEN speeds up molecules. Temperature doesn’t increase until the molecules speed up, so water has time to store heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Evaporative cooling

A
  • way that water regulates temp

- when a substance evaporates, the remaining liquid cools down because the hottest molecules vaporize first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Biological significance of ice floating

A
  • when water gets cold its molecules move apart, forming ice, therefore ice has fewer molecules
  • it is less dense than water so it floats on top
  • forms an “insulating blanket” allowing life underwater to continue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Water as a solvent

A

-aqueous solutions can dissolve many different necessary chemicals, providing a medium for reactions

31
Q

Solution

A

Homogenous mixture of two or more liquids

32
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving agent

33
Q

Solute

A

Substance that dissolves in the solvent

34
Q

Aqueous solution

A

When water is the solvent (dissolving agent)

35
Q

Acid

A

Chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution

-ex) hydrochloric acid

36
Q

Base

A

Compound that accepts H+ and removes it from a solution

37
Q

pH scale

A

Measures concentration of H+ in a solution

-goes from 0-14, acidic-basic

38
Q

Buffer

A

Substance that minimizes changes in pH by accepting H+ when the ion is in excess and donating H+ when it is in need

39
Q

Organic compounds

A
  • carbon based molecules
  • the heart of any study of life
  • can construct skeletons of large, complex molecules necessary for life
40
Q

Bonding Ability of Carbon

A
  • has 4 electrons in outer shell

- fills it by covalent bonding, and can be attached to other carbon atoms to make endless chains

41
Q

Hydrocarbons

A
  • simplest organic compound

- contain only carbon and hydrogen

42
Q

Methane

A
  • simplest hydrocarbon

- one of most abundant hydrocarbons in natural gas

43
Q

Functional group

A

The groups of atoms directly involved in chemical reactions in organic compounds

44
Q

Macromolecules

A
  • gigantic molecules

- they ar

45
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers

46
Q

Dehydration reaction

A
  • removes a water molecule

- how cells link monomers together to form a polymer

47
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • breaking down polymers
  • reverse dehydration reaction
  • breaks cell bonds by adding water
48
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • sugars and polymers of sugars
  • animals: primary source of energy and material for building other compounds
  • plants: buildings material for much of plant body
49
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • simple sugars

- monomers of carbs, can’t be broken down

50
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that have the same formula but different structures
Ex) glucose and fructose

51
Q

Disaccharide

A
  • double sugar
  • made from 2 monosaccharides
  • ex)lactose, made from glucose and galactose
52
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • long chains of sugars
  • polymers of monosaccharides
  • ex) starch: long strings of glucose monomers
53
Q

Glycogen

A
  • form of polysaccharide in which animals store excess sugar

- stored in liver and muscle cells which release glucose when you need energy

54
Q

Cellulose

A
  • most abundant organic compound on Earth
  • major structural component of plants
  • polymer of glucose
55
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • water loving

- almost all carbohydrates are this

56
Q

Hydrophobic

A
  • water fearing

- do not mix with

57
Q

Lipids

A
  • hydrophobic
  • neither macromolecules nor polymers
  • fats and steroids
58
Q

Fats

A
  • glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid molecules

- triglyceride

59
Q

Adipose cells

A
  • specialized reservoirs that store excess fat

- adipose tissue=body fat

60
Q

Unsaturated fat

A
  • has fewer than maximum number of hydrogens at the double bond
  • bent
61
Q

Saturated fat

A
  • has the maximum number of hydrogens

- straight

62
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • plaque buildup in veins

- saturated fats cause this

63
Q

Hydrogenation

A
  • adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats to make them saturated fats
  • creates trans fats
64
Q

Trans fats

A
  • fats created by hydrogenation

- extremely bad for your health

65
Q

Steroids

A
  • hydrophobic
  • ex) cholesterol: essential molecule; key component of cell membranes
  • ex) anabolic steroids: synthetic testosterone
66
Q

Proteins

A
  • polymer of amino acid monomers

- important in almost everything cells do

67
Q

Amino acid

A
  • set of 20makes up proteins
  • carbon atom bonded to 4 atoms
  • 3 are the same, the 4th gives the amino acid its properties
68
Q

Peptide bond

A
  • bond between adjacent amino acids

- resulting long chain is called a polypeptide

69
Q

Primary structure

A
  • amino acid sequence

- makes a unique polypeptide

70
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A
  • substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin

- deforms some cells into a sickle shape

71
Q

Denaturation

A
  • a protein loses its shape because of an unfavorable change in the environment
  • misfolded proteins are associated with severe nervous system disorders
72
Q

Nucleic acid

A
  • macromolecules that store info and provide instructions for building proteins
  • DNA and RNA
73
Q

Gene

A
  • stretch of DNA that programs amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
  • RNA translates the “nucleic acid language” to “protein language”
74
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • Monomers that make up nucleic acids
  • made of 3 parts
    1. deoxyribose (DNA) ribose (RNA)
    2. Phosphate group
    3. Nitrogen containing base (DNA- A, G, C, T)
75
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone

A

-repeating pattern of sugar and phosphate with the bases (A, G, C, T) hanging off like appendages

76
Q

Double helix

A
  • structure of DNA strand

- two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other, and the bases look like ladder rings

From Flashcardlet (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions