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MCAT > Biology Class 1 Notes > Flashcards

Biology Class 1 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

Delta g = delta h - t delta s

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2
Q

Enzymes increase reaction rate by

A

Decreasing activation energy which stabilizes the transition state

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3
Q

Enzymes do not change

A

Whether the reaction is spontaneous or not

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4
Q

Negative delta g

A

Spontaneous and exerting

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5
Q

Positive delta G

A

Non spontaneous and endergonic

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6
Q

Bronsted Lowry acids

A

Proton donor

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7
Q

Bronsted bases

A

Proton acceptors

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8
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons, loss of hydrogens, gain oxygen

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9
Q

Reduction

A

Gain electrons, gain hydrogen, lose oxygen

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10
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down

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11
Q

Anabolism

A

Building up

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12
Q

Polypeptide

A

More than one proton to donate

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13
Q

Amphoteric

A

Can act as an acid or base

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14
Q

Low pka

A

Stronger acid

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15
Q

Low pkb

A

Strong base

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16
Q

Acidic amino acids

A

Glutamic acid

Aspartic acid

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17
Q

Basic amino acids

A

Lysine
Arginine
Histidine

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18
Q

Non polar amino acids

A 
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Proline
Phenylalanine 
Tryptophan
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19
Q

Polar amino acids

A 
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Asparagine 
Glutamine
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20
Q

Sulfur containing amino acids

A

Methionine

Cysteine

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21
Q

Alanine

A

Ala
A
Nonpolar
Aliphatic

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22
Q

Glycine

A

Gly
G
Nonpolar
Aliphatic

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23
Q

Isoleucine

A 
Ile 
I
Nonpolar 
Aliphatic
Essential
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24
Q

Leucine

A 
Leu 
L
Non polar
Aliphatic 
Essential
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25
Q

Proline

A

Pro
P
Non polar
Aliphatic

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26
Q

Valine

A 
Val 
V
Non polar
Aliphatic
Essential
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27
Q

Phenylalanine

A 
Phe 
F
Non polar
Aromatic
Essential
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28
Q

Tryptophan

A 
Try
W
Non polar
Aromatic
Essential
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29
Q

Tyrosine

A

Try
Y
Polar
Aromatic

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30
Q

Aspartic acid

A

Asp
D
Acidic

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31
Q

Glutamic acid

A

Glu
E
Acidic

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32
Q

Arginine

A

Arg
R
Basic

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33
Q

Histidine

A

His
H
Basic
Essential

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34
Q

Lysine

A

Lys
K
Basic
Essential

35
Q

Serine

A

Ser
S
Polar
Hydroxylic

36
Q

Threonine

A 
Thr 
T
Polar
Hydroxylic
Essential
37
Q

Cysteine

A

Cys
C
Sulfur containing

38
Q

Methionine

A

Met
M
Sulfur containing

39
Q

Asparagine

A

Asp
N
Polar
Amine containing

40
Q

glutamine

A

Gln
Q
Polar
Amine containing

41
Q

pH

A

Protonated
Made more positive
Made less negative

42
Q

pH > pka

A

Deprotonated
Made more negative
Loss of a proton
Made less positive

43
Q

Isoelectric point

A

pH at which a molecule is neutral or uncharged

44
Q

What if there are two pkas?

A

The isoelectric point is the average of the two.

45
Q

NH3 pka?

A

9

46
Q

COOH pKa?

A

2

47
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent

Dehydration synthesis

48
Q

How can you break peptide bonds?

A

Proteolysis or

Proteolytic cleavage

49
Q

Disulfide bond

A

2 cysteines—> cystine

50
Q

Hydrolase

A

Aaa

51
Q

Isomerase

A

Asa

52
Q

Ligase

A

Asa

53
Q

Lyase

A

Asa

54
Q

Kinase

A

Asa

55
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

Asa

56
Q

Polymerase

A

Asa

57
Q

Phosphatase

A

Asa

58
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Asa

59
Q

Protease

A

Asa

60
Q

Reaction coupling

A

Enzymes allow one favorable rxn to drive an unfavorable rxn

Ex: ATP hydrolysis delta G = 12

61
Q

Zymogens

A

Asa

62
Q

Enzyme tense state

A

Off

T-state

63
Q

Enzyme relaxed state

A

On
R-state
Activated

64
Q

Negative feedback

A

Feedback inhibition

Where the product shuts off the enzyme at the allosteric site

65
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Only inhibitor that binds at the active site

Does nothing to vmax
Increases km which lowers affinity

More substrate can overcome this inhibitor

66
Q

Non competitive inhibitor

A

Decreases vmax
No effect on km

Changes active enzyme concentration
No effect on affinity

67
Q

Uncompetitive inhibitor

A

Decreases vmax

Decreases km which increases affinity

68
Q

Glucose

A

Insert pic

69
Q

Fructose

A

Insert pic

70
Q

Galactose

A

Insert pic

71
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + glucose

72
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

73
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + galactose

74
Q

Triglycerides

A

Made by esterification

Ester linkages

75
Q

Phospholipids

A

Phosphate group is polar

76
Q

Terpenes

A

Made up of isoprene units

Each terpene needs two isoprene units

77
Q

Cholesterol

A

3 six carbon rings

1 five carbon rings

78
Q

Steroids

A

Terpenes and cholesterol

79
Q

Glycolysis

A

Happens in the cytoplasm

If no oxygen —> fermentation

80
Q

PDC/Krebs cycle

A

Happens in the mitochondria

Does not need oxygen

81
Q

ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Happens in inner mitochondrial matrix

NEEDS OXYGEN

82
Q

What does PDC make?

A

2 NADH

5 ATP

83
Q

Entropy

A

S

MCAT (2 decks)

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