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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Biology of the Cell (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Biology of the Cell (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between sex cells and somatic cells

A

Sex cells: reproductive cells, male sperm cells, and female oocytes (eggs or ova/ovum)
Somatic cells: all body cells except sex cells

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2
Q

What components would be found in the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Cytosol as known as Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
  2. Organelles (Nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, centrosomes with centrioles, cytoskeleton Surface modifications: cilia, microvilli, flagella)
  3. Inclusions (chemical substances that vary in composition)
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3
Q

Describe the intracellular and extracellular environments with respect to the ICF and ECF. Which ion is found predominantly in the ICF? ECF?

A
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4
Q

Which organelles are non-membranous?

A

cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes, and surface modifications

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5
Q

Which organelles are membranous?

A

Membranous: endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

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6
Q

Why is the nucleus considered to be the “control center” for the cell?

A

Directs the synthesis of proteins from DNA → control the structure and function of the cell

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7
Q

Describe nuclear pores

A

Allows for communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm & passage of substances such as proteins, RNA, etc.

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8
Q

Describe nuclear envelope

A

Formed by a double membrane that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

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9
Q

Describe nucleoplasm

A
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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly coiled DNA

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled DNA

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12
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Synthesizes ribosomes and RNA for proteins synthesis

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13
Q

Where are fixed ribosomes specifically found within the cell?

A
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14
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Makes proteins for use within the cell. Found in cytosol

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15
Q

Fixed ribosomes.

A

Makes proteins that become part of the plasma membrane or are exported from the cell. Bound ribosomes that are attached to the rough ER

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16
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Protein synthesis

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17
Q

Describe the three steps for transcription

A
  1. Initiation
    • DNA is unwound by enzymes into 2 strands
      • template strand will be copied
      • coding strand will not be copied
      • Nitrogenous bases are exposed
      • RNA polymerase will look for the promotor
        region
  2. Elongation
    * RNA polymerase will pair ribonucleotides (free in
    the nucleoplasm) to form complementary bases
    in order to make a strand of RNA
    • RNA polymerase will continue forming RNA
      strands throughout the length of the gene
  3. Termination
    • RNA polymerase will stop at the terminal region
      and detach from DNA
    • DNA will rewind into double-helix
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18
Q

Describe the three steps for translation

A
  1. Initiation
    * ribosome, mRNA, and tRNA form a complex
    * Ribosome will find start codon (AUG)
    * tRNA reads the first codon and adds the first
    amino acid → always methionine (may be
    removed later)
  2. Elongation
    • New tRNA arrives at A site carrying the next
      amino acid
    • Peptide bond forms between amino acids
    • Peptide bond forms between amino acids
    • First tRNA leaves
    • Second tRNA now in P site → waits for the next
      tRNA to arrive
    • Process repeats
  3. Termination
    • Stop codon enters A site
    • Release factors enter ribosomes → newly made
      protein is released from the ribosome
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19
Q

Where does transcription take place? Translation?

A

Transcription: nucleus
Translation: cytoplasm

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20
Q

How many nucleotides are found in a typical gene?

A

3000 nucleotide pairs

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21
Q

Where does transcription begin within a gene? Where does it end?

A
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22
Q

Which DNA strand is “copied”?

A
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23
Q

Define mRNA. What is the function?

A

Messenger RNA
Funneled into ribosomes

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24
Q

Define tRNA. What is the function?

A

Transfer RNA
Functions as an “adapter” to bring amino acids to corresponding parts of mRNA

25
Q

Define rRNA. What is the function?

A

Is embedded within ribosomes and has 3 important sites:
A site: amino acids added
P site: holds the growing protein
E site: where tRNA exits the ribosome

26
Q

The start codon for translation is always. This codes for which specific amino acid?

A

AUG
Methionine

27
Q

How many nucleotides are required to code for an amino acid?

A

3

28
Q

Describe the three sites that are part of a ribosome. Include the functions/activities that will occur for each site.

A

A site: amino acids added
P site: holds the growing protein
E site: where tRNA exits the ribosome

29
Q

RER function, appearance, and location within a cell

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function: Receives newly synthesized proteins from ribosomes. Modifies proteins and packages them into transport vesicles → moves to Golgi apparatus
Appearance: ribosomes on the surface and sac-like
Location: near the nucleus

30
Q

SER function, appearance, and location within the cell.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function: Synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids, including steroid hormones. Metabolism of carbohydrates. Detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons
Appearance: No ribosomes and tube-like
Location: Near RER

31
Q

Describe the structural anatomy and function of the Golgi apparatus.

A

Structural anatomy: Membrane-bound consists of stacked cisternae
Function: Receives transport vesicle from RER → packages them for transport

32
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

Uses oxygen and other enzymes to detoxify harmful molecules

33
Q

Function of lysosomes

A
  1. Contain enzymes used to digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles (autophagy)
  2. Can release enzymes to digest the cell (autolysis)
34
Q

Define the terms autolysis and autophagy.

A
35
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Produce ATP for cellular energy

36
Q

What is the equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

37
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton? Describe each component in terms of size, composition, and function(s).

A

Microfilaments
Size: Smallest: 7nm in diameter
Function/Composition: Composed of actin proteins that maintain and change cell shape
Intermediate filaments
Size: 8-12 nm in diameter
Function/Composition: Protein composition will vary → provide structural support and stabilize junctions between cells
Microtubules (largest)
Size: 25nm in diameter
Function/Composition: Composed of tubulin protein→ many functions
Fix organelles in place but also a direct movement of organelles in the cell
Maintain cell shape and rigidity
Allow cell motility (flagella)
Provide current for ECF movement (cilia

38
Q

Describe the function of centrioles

A

Causes chromosome migration during cell division → directs formation of mitotic spindle

39
Q

Describe the function of centrosomes

A

Nonmembrane -bound
Contains pair of centrioles & microtubules

40
Q

Describe the function of cilia

A

Moves objects in ECF

41
Q

Describe the function of microvilli

A

Folds of plasma membrane that increases surface area

42
Q

Describe the function of flagella

A

Provides mobility to the sperm cell

43
Q

Describe at least 3 general functions of the plasma membrane.

A

Physical barrier: protect cellular contents and supports cell structure
Selectively permeable (semipermeable) barrier regulating the passage of gases, nutrients, wastes, others
Communication and response: contains receptors that recognize and respond to molecular signals (chemical messengers)
Electrochemical gradients: establishes and maintains gradients for electrical charge and chemicals

44
Q

What is the composition and arrangement of the plasma membrane?

A

Composition: ~50% lipids, ~50% proteins

45
Q

Define the terms integral proteins as it pertains to the plasma membrane.

A

Most span the entire membrane

46
Q

Define the term and peripheral proteins as it pertains to the plasma membrane

A

Most attached to one membrane surface

47
Q

Describe at least 4 functions for membrane proteins.

A
48
Q

Active transport

A
49
Q

Passive transport.

A
50
Q

Define and give an example of simple diffusion

A
51
Q

Define and give an example of facilitated channel-mediated transport

A
52
Q

Define and give an example of facilitated carrier-meditated transport

A
53
Q

Define and give an example of primary active transport

A
54
Q

Define pseudopodia

A
55
Q

Describe two functions of exocytosis.

A

Transports membrane-impermeable molecules such as protein hormones out of the cell
Replaces portions of the cell membrane that were lost due to endocytosis

56
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

57
Q

Define necrosis

A

Irreversible damage occurs via harmful agents or mechanical damage

58
Q

What is cell theory?

A

Cells are the building blocks of all organismal life.
Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

59
Q

How many cells are in the human body? How many different specific types?

A

Over 75 trillion cells. ~200 different specific types

Human Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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