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Biology > Biology Unit 3 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

the null hypothesis proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment

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2
Q

Is failing to find an effect(a negative result) valid?

A

Yes, as long as an experiment is well designed.

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3
Q

How can conflicting data or conclusions be resolved?

A

through careful evaluation or can lead to further experimentation

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4
Q

When is the null hypothesis rejected?

A

when there is evidence for an effect, unlikely due to chance

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5
Q

Scientific ideas only become accepted once….

A

they have been checked independently

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6
Q

Why are publications of methods, data, analysis, and conclusions in scientific reports important?

A

so that others are able to repeat the experiment

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7
Q

What are some common methods of sharing new scientific findings?

A

seminars, talks and posters at conferences, and publishing in academic journals

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8
Q

What is peer review?

A

Specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication

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9
Q

What are review articles?

A

Review articles summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

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10
Q

Examples of integrity and honesty within science?

A

unbiased presentation of results, citing and providing references, avoiding plagiarism

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11
Q

What does reduce mean? (animal ethics)

A

When it is impossible to avoid using animals, use the least number possible without invalidating your results.

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12
Q

What does refine mean? (animal ethics)

A

trying to refine the procedure to reduce the risk of human error - and therefore reducing the risk of harming the animals

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13
Q

What does replace mean? (animal ethics)

A

can the animal be replaced with another non-animal alternative?

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14
Q

Name some human ethics principles

A

informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality

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15
Q

What can influence scientific research?

A

Legislation, regulation, policy and funding

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16
Q

What is validity?

A

Variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable

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17
Q

What is reliability?

A

consistent values in repeats and independent replicates

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18
Q

What is accuracy?

A

data or means of data sets, are close to the true value

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19
Q

What is precision?

A

measured values are close to eachother

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20
Q

What is a pilot study used to help do?

A

plan procedures, assess validity, and check techniques

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21
Q

Pilot studies allow evaluation and….

A

modification of experimental design

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22
Q

The use of a pilot study can ensure an appropriate….

A

range of values for the independent variable

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23
Q

Pilot studies allow the investigator to establish…

A

the number of repeat measurements required to give a representative value for each independent datum point

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24
Q

Independent and dependent variables can be…..

A

continuous or discrete

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25
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The variable that is changed in a scientific experiment

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26
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The variable being measured in a scientific experiment

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27
Q

What is a simple experimental design?

A

one independent variable

28
Q

What is a multifactorial experimental design?

A

involves a combination of more than one independent variable or combination of treatments

29
Q

Pro of simple experiments?

A

The control of laboratory conditions allows simple experiments to be conducted more easily than in the field

30
Q

Con of simple experiments?

A

Its findings may not be applicable to a wider setting

31
Q

Investigators may use groups that already exist, so there is no

A

truly independent variable

32
Q

Observational studies are good at detecting

A

correlation

33
Q

Since observational studies don’t directly test a hypothesis…

A

they are less useful for determining causation

34
Q

What is an observational study?

A

the independent variable is not directly controlled by the investigator, for ethical or logistical reasons

35
Q

Confounding variables must be held

A

constant if possible, or at least monitored so that their effect on the results can be accounted for in the analysis

36
Q

In cases where confounding variables cannot easily be controlled

A

a randomised block design could be used

37
Q

What is randomised block design?

A

randomised blocks of treatment and control groups can be distributed in such a way that the influence of any confounding variable is likely to be the same across the treatment and the control groups

38
Q

What are control results used for?

A

comparison with the results of treatment groups

39
Q

what is a positive control?

A

A treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

40
Q

What is a negative control?

A

the negative control provides results in the absence of treatment

41
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

a measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patient’s expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable

42
Q

What is in vitro?

A

in vitro refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

43
Q

What is in vivo?

A

In vivo refers to experimentation using a whole, living organism

44
Q

Examples of in vitro experiments

A

cells growing in culture medium, proteins in solution, purified organelles

45
Q

Advantage of in vivo

A

Allows study of complex interactions. Provides data for effects in whole organisms

46
Q

Advantage of in vitro

A

simpler, less expensive, easier to control confounding variables, interpretation of results is simpler

47
Q

When is a representative sample of the population selected?

A

Where it is impractical to measure every individual

48
Q

What determines the appropriate sample size?

A

The extent of natural variation within a population

49
Q

More variable populations require a __________ sample size

A

larger

50
Q

What is random sampling?

A

members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

51
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

members of a population are selected at regular intervals

52
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

the population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionately

53
Q

Variation in results may be due to

A

the reliability of measurement methods and/or inherent variation in the specimens . The precision or accuracy of repeated measurements

54
Q

The natural variation in the biological material being used can be determined by

A

measuring a sample of individuals from the population

55
Q

The range of values is a measure of the

A

extent of variation in the results

56
Q

Overall results can be only considered reliable if

A

they can be achieved consistently

57
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

subjective and descriptive

58
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Quantitative data can be measured objectively, usually with a numerical value

59
Q

What is ranked data?

A

Ranked data refers to the data transformation in which numerical values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted from lowest to highest

60
Q

Correlation exists if

A

there is a relationship between two variables

61
Q

What is correlation?

A

correlation is an association and does not imply causation

62
Q

Causastion exists if

A

the changes in the values of the independent variable are known to cause changes to the value of the dependent variable

63
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

64
Q

What is selection bias?

A

The selection of a sample in a non-random way, so that the sample is not representative of the whole population

65
Q

Why is selection bias not good for an experiment?

A

may prevent a representative sample from being selected

66
Q

What is a statistically significant result?

A

one that is unlikely to be due to chance alone

67
Q

What do error bars indicate?

A

variability of data around a mean

Biology (21 decks)

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