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Bpk 142 > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

the application of mechanical laws to living structures, specifically to the locomotor system of the body

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2
Q

Application of biomechanics analyses

A
  • improvement in sports skill techniques
  • design of sports equipment
  • prevention of injuries
  • clinical analyst of movement pathogens
  • design of prostheses
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3
Q

Qualitative movement analysis

A

a non-numerical description based of a movement on direct observation

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4
Q

Quantitive movement analysis

A

a movement is analyzed numerically based on measurements from data collected during movement

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5
Q

Mass

A

quantity of matter contained in an object (kg)

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6
Q

Force

A

mass x acceleration (N)

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7
Q

Weight

A

amount of gravitational force exerted on body

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8
Q

Volume

A

amount of space that a body occupies

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9
Q

pressure

A

force distributed over a given area (pressure= force/area)

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10
Q

Compression

A

pressing or squeezing force directly axially through a body

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11
Q

Tension

A

pulling or stretching force directly axially through the body

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12
Q

shear

A

force directed parallel to the surface

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13
Q

mechanical stress

A

F/A similar to pressure

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14
Q

Lever

A

a rigid bar that turns about the axis (bone)

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15
Q

force point

A

exact point where force is applied (contraction of muscle)

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16
Q

resistant point

A

exact point where resistance acts

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17
Q

fulcrum

A

axis of motion (joints)

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18
Q

Example of first class levers

A
  • teeter-totter
  • seesaw
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19
Q

Example of a first class lever in the human body

A

Triceps muscles acting on elbow joint

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20
Q

Example of a second class levers

A
  • wheelbarrow
  • bottle opener
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21
Q

The third class lever is most common in an our body (T/F)

A

TRUE

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22
Q

An example of a third class lever in the human body is

A

the biceps muscle producing flexion at the elbow joint

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23
Q

Third class levers are always ________ levers because….

A

speed levers because FA is always less than RA

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24
Q

NOTE: F x FA = R x RA

A
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25
Q

Mechanical advantage formula

A

MA=FA/RA

26
Q

When FA of. a lever is long than its RA what type of lever is this?

A

Force lever

27
Q

When RA is longer than force are it is called a

A

Speed lever

28
Q

If RA is three times as long as FA what is the mechanical advantage

A

MA=1/3 (when force point is going down 1m, the resistance point will move 3m in same period)

29
Q

What is the force arm?

A

It is the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of action of the force acting on the force point

30
Q

What is the resistant arm

A

it is the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of action of the resistance acting on the resistance point

31
Q

First class levers can be have mechanical advantage of?

A

MA= 1
MA= > 1 (FA>MA)
MA= <1 (FA<MA)

32
Q

2nd class leavers are always _________ and 3rd class levers are always ____________

A

1) force
2) speed

33
Q

Describe moment arm

A

the perpendicular distance between the forces line of action to the axis of rotation

34
Q

Torque is though as a _______ force

A

rotary

35
Q

The formulas for Torque is

A

Torque = F x D (moment arm)

36
Q

What is the centre of gravity

A

it is an imaginary point in the centre of the body where the weight of the body is balanced

37
Q

What can be defined as the centre of gravity

A
  • the point of intersection between cardinal planes (frontal plane, sagittal plane, traverse plane)

-The point of exact centre where the body can rotate free in all direction

-The point around which the weight is equal on all opposite sides

38
Q

where is the CG approximately located for the human body

A

6 cm below the belly button or 5 cm anterior to the second sacral vertebra

39
Q

What influences CG

A
  • changing body positions or limb positions
  • addition of external weight (like a backpack)
40
Q

Why is it important to determine CG?

A
  • used to describe movement of body through space
  • important for stability
  • important factor in calculating amount of work done
41
Q

Reaction board method

A

used for static position of human body

42
Q

describe balance and where should CG be located

A

ability to control equilibrium
CG must remain within the base of support

43
Q

describe stability

A

firmness of balance

44
Q

How to increase stability

A
  • increasing body mass
  • increase size of the base of support
  • increase friction between body and surface contacted
  • horizontally position CG near the edge of the base of support towards the oncoming external force
  • vertically position the CG as low as possible
45
Q

Describe newtons first law

A

Law of inertia
- a body will maintain in a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted on by an external force that changes its state

46
Q

Inertia is directly _________ to mass

A

proportionally

47
Q

Describe newtons second law

A

Law of acceleration
F = ma

48
Q

Describe newtons third law

A

Law of inertia
- When a body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts reaction force of equal magnitude in opposite direction on the first body

49
Q

What is the equation for momentum

A

momentum = mass x velocity

50
Q

The formula for work is

A

Work (J) = Force x Distance

51
Q

What is power formula

A

Power (w) = Force x velocity

52
Q

In running….

A

1) there is a period where both feet are off the ground
2) there is no period where both feet are in contact with the ground

53
Q

In running, the __________ phase is a much smaller portion in the total gait cycle than walking

A

stance

54
Q

Powerwalk?

A

kinetic energy harvester

55
Q

When EH is on what happens

A

20% drop in metabolic cost and 28% drop muscle activity

56
Q

Equation for running speed is

A

running speed = stride length x stride rate

57
Q

Length of stride is primarily dependent upon leg ______ and __________ of stride

A

1) length
2) power

58
Q

What does leg speed depend on

A

it depends on muscle contraction and neuromuscular coordination in running

59
Q

When lifting a heavy box you should

A

1) get someone to help to minimize the actual weight of the load being handled

2) ensure you have a stable base, so stand facing the object with your feet flat at shoulder width and pointing straight ahead

3) keep the object as close to your body to minimize reaction torque on lower back

4) face in the direction in which you intend to move the object

5) get a good grip so you don’t loose control

60
Q

A rounded back can cause ________ disc compressive force and ligament strain

A

L5/S1

61
Q

The probability of ___________ is increased by repeated full _________ of trunk

A

1) herniation
2) flexion

62
Q

How will standing or extending the trunk benefit you before you go to lift a heavy object

A

it will prepare the disc and the posterior passive tissues to reduce risk of injury

Bpk 142 (14 decks)

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