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Unit 8 > biomed > Flashcards

biomed Flashcards

1
Q

Postural Control?

A

balance=controlling body’s position in space for stability and orientation

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2
Q

Postural stability/equilibrium

A

balance=ability to control COM over BOS

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3
Q

postural orientation

A

= POSTURE = maintaining an appropriate relationship between different segments of the body and between the body and the environment

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4
Q

Center of Mass

A

= centralized point of the body’s mass

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5
Q

Base of support

A

= area created by where the body comes in contact with the support surface which supports its mass

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6
Q

Center of pressure

A

= center of the distribution of the total force applied to the supporting surface

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7
Q

ankle strategy

A

Distal to proximal muscle activation
Body sways at ankles with hips and knees extended
Utilized as response to small perturbations on firm surfaces
EXAMPLE:
If platform moves back, the body will move forward, so then need posterior muscles to activate in order to pull the body back
If the platform moves forward, the body will move back, so then need anterior muscles to activate in order to pull the body forward

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8
Q

hip strategy

A

Proximal muscles activated first
Produces large, rapid motion at the hip joint
Utilized when standing on narrow BOS, on soft surface, or during larger, faster perturbations

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9
Q

Step strategy

A

Happens when the other systems aren’t fully working and with large perturbations or with very slow response of the system

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10
Q

Role of brainstem and cerebellum in controlling balance?

A

Important for integrating sensory inputs

M/L vestibulospinal tracts and reticulospinal tracts may carry signals for Automatic Postural Responses

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11
Q

Role of basal ganglia in controlling balance?

A

Adaptation to sudden changes in task

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12
Q

What is the role of 3 areas in the cerebral cortex in controlling balance?

A

Supplementary motor area: anticipatory strategies
Temporo-parietal cortex: sensory integration, body verticality
Sensorimotor cortex: receives somatosensory input

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13
Q

Where are volitional actions located in the cortex?

A

Are likely represented in the primary motor cortex.
Each muscle has multiple representations within the motor cortex. → Fits the context of synergies
There is considerable overlap between multiple muscles transversing different joints.
Which synergy gets activated in M1 depends on another planning and association areas in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, and basal ganglia.

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14
Q

Location of reactive movements in CNS?

A

Spinal and brainstem networks with some cortical inputs.

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15
Q

What is Arthrogenic Muscle inhibition or Arthrogenic Muscle Response (AMR)?

A

Continuing reflex reaction of the musculature surrounding a joint after distension or damage to the structures of that joint

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16
Q

What is the pathophysiology of AMR?

A

loss of feedback from mechanoreceptors is believed to be the underlying mechanism of weakness.
Damaged mechanoreceptors may cause a gamma-loop dysfunction at the level of the spinal cord where 1a afferent fiber (sensory fibers that respond to muscle length and velocity) feedback is altered and limits alpha-motor neuron depolarization. There are other spinal reflex pathways thought to be at play, such as flexion reflex, H-reflex and group I nonreciprocal (Ib) inhibitory pathway.

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17
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolism, communication and identity

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18
Q

What are the primary anatomical layers of skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue

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19
Q

Function of the epidermis?

A

provide surface protection

20
Q

Function of the dermis?

A

provide tensile strength, house appendages (glands, hair follicles)

21
Q

Function of subcutaneous tissue?

A

cushioning

22
Q

Two functions of sebaceous glands?

A

Secrete sebum to lubricate the skin

Create an “acid mantle” to prevent infection

23
Q

What are the four characteristics of aging skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue layers become thinner.
Dermal-epidermal bond becomes more fragile
Decrease in the quantity of dermal cells, appendages, blood vessels, and nerve endings.
Decreased elastin.

24
Q

Describe the difference between full and partial thickness tears.

A

Full thickness: injury through both the epidermis and dermis, involves subcutaneous tissue.
Partial thickness: injury through the epidermis, may involve part of the dermis.

25
Q

Describe how the methods of healing differ dependent upon tissue loss.

A

Full thickness: occurs via primary, secondary, or delayed primary intention, scar formation.
Partial thickness: occurs via epithialization, regeneration of epithelium. NO scar formation.

26
Q

How does scar tissue differ from skin?

A

Collagen fibers have less tensile strength, skin is less elastic.
No elastic fibers; no elastic recoil
No dermal appendages; no lubrication

27
Q

What are the phases of wound healing?

A

Inflammation
Proliferation
Maturation

28
Q

How long does the inflammatory phase typically last?

A

0-6 days, maybe be longer

29
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of inflammation?

A

painful, red, hot, swollen

30
Q

What are the 3 major processes of inflammation?

A

hemostasis, clean-up, trigger repair

31
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

kill microbes

release cytokines

32
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A

remove debris

secrete growth factors and cytokines to initiate the repair phase

33
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes?

A

downregulate inflammation

promote granulation

34
Q

How long does the repair/proliferation phase typically last?

A

Day 4-14

35
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of the repair/proliferation phase?

A 
Granulation tissue (beefy red tissue in wound bed)
Epithelial cells around the edges of the wound (pink/silver layer of cells)
36
Q

What are the 4 major processes of the repair/proliferation phase?

A

Neovascularization
Granulation
Contraction
Epithelialization

37
Q

How long does the maturation phase last?

A

Day 8 to 1 year

38
Q

What are the 2 major processes of the maturation phase?

A

collagen maturation and reorganization

reduction in vascularity (pink > white)

39
Q

What influences how new collagen is organized?

A

mechanical stresses applied to the tissue

40
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of the maturation phase?

A

Wound closed

Pink scar

41
Q

What 3 general factors delay wound healing/influence the formation of a chronic wound?

A

local factors
systemic factors
iatrogenic factors

42
Q

What are four signs of infection?

A

induration (hard swelling)
fever (local or systemic)
erythema (redness, irregular borders)
edema

43
Q

What would be an important ABI value to signify poor perfusion/poor healing potential?

A

ABI < .4 = poor healing potential

44
Q

List some systemic factors that can delay wound healing.

A

stress
nutrition and obesity
temperature
comorbidities

45
Q

List some iatrogenic factors that can delay wound healing.

A

medications
topical agents
trauma as a result of inappropriate treatment

46
Q

Name three potential complications that can occur during healing.

A

dehiscence
excessive scarring
arthrofibrosis

Unit 8 (6 decks)

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