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Cell and Molecular Biology > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

Structures and functions of biological molecules with an outline of enzyme activities and metabolism

1
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a long molecule consisting of
monomers

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1
Q

Macromolecules is a…?

A

Polymer

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2
Q

Three of the four classes of life’s organic
molecules are polymers. What are they?

A

o Carbohydrates
o Proteins
o Nucleic acids

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3
Q

When does a dehydration reaction occur?

A

A dehydration reaction occurs when two
monomers bond together through the loss of
a water molecule

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4
Q

How are polymers dissembled?

A
  • Polymers are disassembled to monomers by
    hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the
    reverse of the dehydration reaction
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5
Q

What are carbohydrates ?

A

Compounds
with the formula (CH2O)n or derivatives of such
compounds.

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates also known as?

A

Saccharides or sugar

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7
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

The simplest carbohydrates,
small, monomeric molecules. Not linked to any other sugars.

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8
Q

What is a oligosaccharide?

A

Only a few monomer units are
involved

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9
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Long polymers of
monosaccharides

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10
Q

Refer to presentation

A
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11
Q

How is the structure and function of a polysaccharide determined?

A

by its sugar monomers and the
positions of glycosidic linkages

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12
Q

What is starch?

A

a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists
entirely of glucose monomers

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13
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a storage polysaccharide in animals

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14
Q

What are the 3 functions of carbohydrates?

A

-Energy storage and generation

-Biological structural materials

-Polysaccharide on cell surface/attached to proteins aid in molecular recognition

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15
Q

Give 2 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose and fructose

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16
Q

Give 2 examples of disaccharides

A

Lactose and sucrose

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17
Q

Give 4 examples of polysaccharides

A

Cellulose (plants), starch (plants), glycogen (animals) and chitin (animals and fungi)

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18
Q

What are the functions of monosaccharides and disaccharides?

A

Fuel: carbon sources that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers

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19
Q

What are the functions of polysaccharides? (4)

A

Strengthens plant cell walls
Stores glucose for energy
Strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

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20
Q

What is the definition of a lipid?

A

No simple definition, large molecules, hydrophobic and are varied in forms and functions

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21
Q

What are the types of lipids?

A

Neutral lipids: fats and oils (simple lipids)
Phospholipids, glycolipids (complex lipids)
Steroids (isoprene lipids)
Waxes

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22
Q

What are neutral lipids often called?

A

Triacylglycerol

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23
Q

What are neutral lipids made from?

A

Two components, glycerol (a simple alcohol) and fatty acids

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24
Q

How does the fatty acids in neutral lipids join to the alchohol?

A

By an ester link

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25
Q

What are the main storage form of fat in cells (adipose cells)?

A

Neutral lipids

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26
Q

What are the 5 properties of fatty acids?

A
  • May be saturated (no double bonds) or
    unsaturated (1-4 double bonds)
  • Double bonds are in cis conformation
    increasing area of lipid
  • Have an even number of carbon atoms
    (commonly 12-24)
  • Have a single carboxyl (acid) group (-COOH)
  • Become more hydrophobic with increasing
    carbon number
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27
Q

Unsaturated fatty
acids have lower
melting points than
saturated fatty
acids (T/F)

A

True

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28
Q

Unsaturated fatty
acids have lower
melting points than
saturated fatty
acids (T/F)

A

True

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29
Q

What are benefits of essential fatty acids?

A

required for normal growth, and thought to provide protection against cardiovascular
disease e.g. ω-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid), ω-3 fatty acids (linolenic acid)

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30
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Hydrogenation is the process of converting
unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

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31
Q

What is a drawback of hydrogenating vegetable oils?

A
  • Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated
    fats with trans double bonds
  • These trans fats may contribute more than saturated
    fats to cardiovascular disease
32
Q

What are 3 structures of phospholipid?

A
  • In a phospholipid, two fatty acids and a
    phosphate group are attached to glycerol
  • The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments
    form a hydrophilic head
  • Phospholipids make up cell membranes
33
Q

What is a steroid?

A

Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings

34
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a
component in animal cell membranes

35
Q

What are the 4 biological functions of lipids?

A
  • Structural components of cell membranes
  • Energy storage
  • Adipose tissue also cushions vital organs
    and insulates the body
  • Regulate cellular activities as hormones
36
Q

Are enzymes protein and how do they function?

A

All enzymes are proteins (with the exception of ribozymes) that
function as biological catalysts

37
Q

Enzyme activity cannot be inhibited, irreversibly or reversibly.

A

False they can

38
Q

Substrate specificity is either by lock and key, or induced fit
mode

A

True

39
Q

How do enzymes catalyse reactions

A

Enzymes catalyse reactions by lowering the activation energy
required to reach the transition state.

40
Q

How can rate of reactions of enzymes be plotted and what equation do they follow?

A

▪ The rates of reactions follow the Michaelis-Menten equation and
can be plotted as a hyperbolic curve or Lineweaver-Burk plot

41
Q

Refer to cell cycle and metabolism

A
42
Q

What is qualitative analysis?

A

Indicate whether a particular substance (analyte)
is present above a threshold level

43
Q

What does hCG stand for?

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin

44
Q

What does the Trinder spot test look for?

A

presence of salicylates (aspirin)

45
Q

What does the Marquis test look for?

A

presence of alkaloids

46
Q

What does quantitive analysis stand for?

A

determines the amount of a particular analyte
present in the sample (e.g. the concentration of a drug in blood serum).

47
Q

What is accuracy?

A

Closeness of a measured or derived data value to its true value

48
Q

What is precision?

A

Closeness of values with repeated measurements

49
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

ability to detect small amounts of analyte in a sample
OR the percentage of patients with the disease that will be correctly
identified as disease positive

50
Q

What is specifity?

A

ability to detect only the analyte of interest in a sample
* OR the percentage of patients without the disease that receive a
negative result

51
Q

Why measure biological molecules?

A

Medicine- blood hormone levels, drug levels, clinical trials

Toxicology- Anti doping test in sports, drugs

Forensics- Drugs, toxic compounds

52
Q

What are the 2 types of chromatography?

A

Planar chromatography (paper, thin layer)

Column chromatography (simple, gas)

53
Q

What is Spectroscopy?

A

Measures the absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation by
atoms and molecules in solution

54
Q

Molecules can be extracted and separated based on the characteristics

A

True

55
Q

How can a molecule be quantified once extracted?

A

Spectroscopy

56
Q

How can a molecule be identified further once extracted?

A

Immunochemistry

57
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Refers to all of the
variety of life that exists on Earth.

58
Q

What is taxonomy?

A
  • The science of classifying organisms
59
Q

Who invented the Linnaean classification system?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

60
Q

What does the Linnaean classification system consist of ?

A

It consists of a hierarchy of groupings, called taxa.

61
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

62
Q

What are the features of prokaryotes? (4)

A

-Can thrive anywhere
-Unicellular
-0.5-5 um
-Variety of shapes, cocci, bacilli, spirals

63
Q

What are the 4 types of animal tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

64
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes depend on cell
division for

A

-development from a fertilized egg
– growth
– repair

65
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Most cell division (via
Mitosis) results in two
daughter cells with identical
genetic information, DNA

66
Q

What is meiosis

A
  • Meiosis yields nonidentical
    daughter cells that have half
    as many chromosomes as
    the parent cell
67
Q

What are the phases of cell cycle?

A
  • interphase
    G1 (cell grow)
    S (DNA synthesis phase)
    G2 (check DNA replicate organelles)
  • mitotic (M) phase
    prophase
    metaphase
    anaphase
    telophase
68
Q

What is the mitotic spindle?

A
  • A structure made of
    microtubules that controls chromosome
    movement during mitosis
69
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytokinesis is the process of cytoplasm separation

70
Q

How is the cell cycle control system regulated?

A

Internal and external signals

71
Q

What is common during tumorigenesis

A

Dysregulation of the cell cycle

72
Q

What is increased in human tumours

A

Increased levels of CDK molecules and cyclins

73
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A
  • Glycolysis (“sugar splitting”) breaks down glucose into two
    molecules of pyruvate
74
Q

Where does glycolysis occur and when?

A

Cytoplasm, whether oxygen is present or not

75
Q

What is the stages of glycolysis?

A
  • Energy investment phase
  • Energy payoff phase
76
Q

What completes the
breakdown of pyruvate to CO2?

A

The citric acid cycle, also called
the Krebs cycle,

77
Q
A

Cell and Molecular Biology (7 decks)

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