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BIOCHEMISTRY C3 > Biomolecules and Cells > Flashcards

Biomolecules and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

More than 97% of the weight of most organisms consists of elements such as

A

H
O
C
N
S
P

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2
Q

What trace elements required for life as cofactors

A

Zn
Fe
Mn
Cu
Co

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3
Q

What are the four major types of biomolecules

A

Amino acids
Nucleotides
Simple sugars/ carbohydrates
fatty acids/ lipids

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4
Q

nitrogen-containing molecules that function primarily as the building blocks for proteins

A

amino acids

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5
Q

consist of a nitrogenous base, a five-membered sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

the building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

what is the difference between nucleotides and nucleosides

A

nucleotides contain a nitrogenous base, five-membered sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups
while
nucleosides contain a nitrogenous base and a sugar without the phosphate groups

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8
Q

the building blocks of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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9
Q

formed only of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen (with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms)

A

carbohydrates/ simple sugar

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10
Q

the building block of carbohydrates

A

simple sugars

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11
Q

amphipathic molecules (polar and nonpolar chemical properties contained within the same molecule)

A

fatty acids/ lipids

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12
Q

made up of covalently linked amino acids in the form of polypeptides through peptide bonds

A

proteins

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13
Q

polynucleotides consist of covalently linked nucleotides through phosphodiester bonds

A

nucleic acids

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14
Q

polysaccharides by linking simple sugars through glycosidic bonds.

A

carbohydrates

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15
Q

A network of metabolic pathways consisting of linked biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the reactant for another reaction.

A

metabolism

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16
Q

Three types of linked reactions
commonly found in metabolism

A

Linear metabolic pathway
Forked metabolic pathway
Cyclic metabolic pathway

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17
Q

each reaction generates only a single product, which is a reactant for the next reaction in the pathway.

A

Linear metabolic pathway

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18
Q

usually generate two products, each of which undergoes a different metabolic fate.

A

Forked metabolic pathway

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19
Q

contain several metabolites that regenerate during each turn of the cycle, serving as both reactants and products in every reaction.

A

Cyclic metabolic pathway

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20
Q

is the basic unit of life.

A

cell

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21
Q

single-celled organisms

A

prokaryotes

22
Q

2 types of cells

A

prokaryotes
eukaryotes

23
Q

prokaryotes are

A
  • singled-celled organisms
  • shapes: spherical (cocci), rodlike (bacilli), or helically coiled (spirilla)
  • no defined membrane-bound nucleus
  • have a nuclear region, which contains DNA, ribosomes (site of protein synthesis), and cell membrane.
  • types: eubacteria and archaebacteria
24
Q

eukaryotes are

A
  • more complex organisms that can be multicellular or single-celled
  • contains a membrane-bound nucleus and other subcellular organelles
  • types: animal cells and plant cells
25
Q

TRUE or FALSE
do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have nucleus?

A

FALSE
prokaryotes have no definite nucleus

26
Q

TRUE or FALSE
In prokaryotes, DNA is present but not separate from the rest of the cell

A

TRUE

27
Q

TRUE or FALSE
prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cell membranes AND RIBOSOMES

A

TRUE

28
Q

TRUE or FALSE
prokaryotes and eukaryotes have mitochondria, ER, and chloroplasts

A

FALSE
Prokaryotes do not have mitochondria, ER, and chloroplasts

29
Q

Photosynthesis in prokaryotes are localized in

A

chromatophores

30
Q

most important eukaryotic organelle; a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) that provides the operating instructions for the cell.

A

nucleus

31
Q

segregates chromatin (DNA + protein) from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

32
Q

rich in ribosomal RNA and proteins to form ribosomes

A

nucleolus

33
Q

consists of DNA compacted with nucleic acid binding proteins to minimize its size

A

chromosomes

34
Q

site of ATP synthesis, thus the powerhouse of the cell; metabolic reactions occur involved in energy conversion and production of ATP; has its own DNA; site of fatty acid degradation and citric acid cycle

A

mitochondria

35
Q

Tough, flexible lipid bilayer; a highly selective permeability barrier that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell; and contains membrane proteins that function in transport in signal reception and as enzymes; separate the cell from the environment.

A

cell/ plasma membrane

36
Q

site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

A

Smooth ER

37
Q

studded with ribosomes bound to the
Membrane; site of membrane and secretory protein biosynthesis and their post-translational modification.

A

Rough ER

38
Q

membranous structure involved in protein translocation within the cell and in facilitating protein; packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and delivery to other cellular compartments.

A

Golgi apparatus

39
Q

convert light energy into chemical energy; harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates; site of photosynthesis; has its own DNA

A

chloroplasts

40
Q

site of light-driven ATP synthesis

A

thylakoid

41
Q

site of carbon dioxide fixation

A

stroma

42
Q

membrane-enclosed sacs that degrade intracellular debris; responsible for the intracellular digestion of materials entering the cell via phagocytosis or pinocytosis; contains hydrolytic enzymes which work best at pH 5

A

lysosomes

43
Q

sacs containing enzymes involved in the breakdown of amino acids and fatty acids forming hydrogen peroxide which is rapidly degraded by the peroxide-cleaving enzyme catalase to produce water and oxygen from hydrogen peroxide.

A

peroxisomes

44
Q

a viscous fluid organelle that contains all other organelles

A

cytoplasm

45
Q

provides mechanical support, shape and rigidity, and protection against osmotic swelling

A

cell wall

46
Q

degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites

A

vacuoles

47
Q

are large RNA-protein complexes that are the sites of protein synthesis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; can also be found in the cytosol.

A

ribosomes

48
Q

a network of intracellular filaments consisting of assemblies of proteins that support cells and aid in the movement of the cell.

A

cytoskeleton

49
Q

are constructed of microtubules, cytoplasmic projections extending outside of the cell, usually used for movement.

A

cilia and flagella

50
Q

are membrane-lined channels that traverse the walls between neighboring plant cells. Mostly contain a desmotubule, a central tube of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), that connects the ER of adjacent cells.

A

plasmodesma

BIOCHEMISTRY C3 (4 decks)

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