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BIOS1031 > BIOS1031 > Flashcards

BIOS1031 Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the fish kills occur on the Murray Darling

A

Menindee

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2
Q

What caused the fish kills on the Murray Darling?

A
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3
Q

How is ecology defined?

A

The definition of ecology is contested:

  • Different meanings accross buisness, policy, public opinion and science
  • E.g. buisness has an enviromental management plan but enviroment is defined as the company enviroment.
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4
Q

What is the 1869 definition of ecology by Ernest Henckel?

A

The study of organisms and their interactions with the enviroment.

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5
Q

The study of organisms and their interactions with the enviroment.

A

What is the 1869 definition of ecology by Ernest Henckel?

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6
Q

What is the current defintion of ecology? (to edit)

A

The study of relationships, distribution and abundance of organisms or groups of organisms in their enviroment.

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7
Q

List ‘core topics’ which come under ecology (to possibly investigate in further detail)

A
  • Sustianable development
  • Biodiversity management
  • Conservation biology
  • Restoration ecology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Landscape ecology
  • Enviromental economics
  • Enviromental impact assement
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8
Q

List industries influenced by ecology

A
  • Ecotourism
  • Forestry
  • Pulic policy
  • Climate change
  • River management
  • Energy
  • Agriculture
  • Mining
  • Urban Planning
  • Ecconomics
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9
Q

What factors are incorporated into the enviroment? (suggested edit - factors may not be the right wording)

A

Intrisitc to an organism

  • Physiology, body requirements, behaviour.

Extrinsic to an organism

  • Abiotic factors (Light, temprature)
  • Biotic factors (food availibility, predators, compeditors, mates)

Species Specific

  • Different species have different factors which influence their distrubution & abundance - and essentially what their ‘enviroment’ is (Habitat????)

Changing spatial and temporal scales

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10
Q

Def: recources (i.e. for species)

A

Anything used by an organism

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11
Q

Niche (What is a niche) (to edit)

A

to edit

Essentialy the area where a paticular species is able to live.

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12
Q

Levels of Organisation

A
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13
Q

Population

A

Group of induviduals of a species living in one place at a time.

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14
Q

Communities/ecosystems

A

Def: Assemblages of species’ populations occuring together in space and time.

  • Interdependent community of organisms interacting with its local non living enviroment
  • Commonality of processes (energy flow and chemical cycling???)
  • Applies to areas of all sizes (differ in size and function)
  • Artificial and natural
  • Useful for observation & study
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15
Q

Landscapes

A

Spatially connected parts of the enviroment

(e.g. Murray Darling)

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16
Q

Trophic Intercations

A

Feeding relationships which determine energy flow.

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17
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

Change at Top of the food chain –> Multiple changes –> all the way to bottom of food chain

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18
Q

Population Dynamics

A
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19
Q

What sort of population is this?

A

Increasing?

Alternatively (dyamic but stable if analysed over a small chunck of time)

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20
Q

Dynamic Stable Population

A

A population that increases and declines naturally

e.g. Boom and bust cycles in the australian landscape.

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21
Q

What are the reasons for population gains and losses?

A
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22
Q

Population diagram showing spatial and temporal changes

A
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23
Q

Trophic Cascade in Yellowstone National Park (Wolves Reintroduced)

A
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24
Q

Define Biodiversity

A

Biodiversity is the variety of all living things;

  • Plants
  • Animlas
  • Microorganisms
  • genetic information
  • Ecosystems
25
Q

List three levels of biodiversity

A
  • genetic biodiversity
  • Species biodiversity
  • ecosystem diversity
26
Q

High level of diversity = healthy system

A

across the board on all levels

e.g. if we have a high level of genetic diversity we are likely to see a healthy population, high level of species diversity and healthy ecosystem.

27
Q

What are phylogenetic relationships

A

Family tree

28
Q

What is special about the genetics of the naked mole rat?

A

The naked mole rat has a code in its genetic link which means that as soon as cancer starts to develop in its system the imune system is turned on & the cancer is destroyed before it starts to grow.

Reason for biodiversity - medicine & breakthroughs come from this.

29
Q

Learn about the slug produced by a critically endangered species of frog in the amazon, which is our best bet to tackle antibiotic resistance

A
30
Q

Where was sonar technology developed from?

A

Bats, whales

31
Q

Camaflauge technology and bullet proof vests have what type of biological basis?

A

Spider webs

32
Q

We are in the middle of what number of mass extintion event?

A

6th

33
Q

Endomism

A

Globe is divded into zones of endonism - Species and biota are exclusively native to a place - i.e. endemic

34
Q

What is the level of endonism in Australia?

A

91%

35
Q

What does endemic mean?

A

Species that are exclusively native to a place or biota, as opposed to cosmopolitan or introduced

36
Q

Australia is ranked what for biodiversity of plants?

A

5th

37
Q

Levels of described v undescribed species

A
38
Q

What is the makeup of biodiversity in Australia?

A
39
Q

Why is australian biodiversity unique?

A
  • Extended period of isolation (allows for other species to evole without other species moving accross the landscape.
    • Continental Drift
    • Currents - Wallaces line.
  • Large Continent
  • Unique climatic variables
    *
40
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The study of patterns of distrubution of animals in time and space together with the factors causing those patterns.

41
Q

Describe the process of continental drift to australia from the jurassic.

A

Gondwana land –> Jurassic - continents drift apart –> Crestatous (connected to antartica and south america) –> Present day (australia is isolated with NZ - australasia)

42
Q

What is interesting about Nothofagus?

A

Found in australia, NZ

Fossil evidence: antartica, papa new gineu, south america

Old species - 80 Million years

So links the southern continents - evidence of gondwana land in the past

43
Q

What is wallaces line?

A

Even though the Indomalayan region is close to the australasian one, there is a really strong and deep water current which makes it difficult for species to float between areas backwards and forwards. Shared species; bats (fly) & rodents (ships/float).

44
Q

Describe the ecosystem changes in Australia between the Cretaceous period and the Cainozoic period

A
  • Angiosperm (flowering plant) diversity
  • Dinosaur diversity.

–>

  • 24-11 million years ago
  • Drier, (polar ice sheets expand)
  • Desert spreads
  • Rainforests displaced – flowering plant diversity drops off and gives rise to eucalyptus and accacia that we see in Australian landscape today.
  • Megafauna - Marsupial (lack of placentals & monotremes), thylocene, turtle (ningamese??), demon duck of doom (4m high, chicken like wings), diprotodon
45
Q

What is the difference between polyprotodonts and diprotodonts?

A
46
Q

Where did marsupials originate from?

A
  • Originated in North America (Oldest fossils 100 million years)
  • During the crestaceous period where Australia, Antartica and south america were linked marsupials were able to move throughout this landscape.
  • Panamanian land bridge - 2-5 million years ago - major interchange of fauna?????
  • Australasian marsupials evolved in relative isolation from eutherians????
47
Q

Diversity of marsupials in Australia;

A
  • 7 orders
  • 18 families
  • 260-280 species
48
Q

How are marsupials charaterised.

A
  • Pouch - Marsupium
    • Permanent
    • Open (young dangle off) /closed
49
Q

What is the definition of a marsupial?

A
50
Q

Definition of Placental

A
51
Q

Definition of montreme

A
  • Egg layers
  • Two families - Ornithorhynchidae (platypus) and Tachyglossidae (echidna)
  • Lay eggs - rubbery shells which are permiable
  • Do not have nipples - unusual skin which excretes milk
52
Q

Kangaroos

A
  • Young born – climb to pouch
  • Milk adapts depending on infants stage of development
  • Drought reactions???
53
Q

Unique aspects of astralian landscape - pollinators

A
  • Birds and bats (high biodiversity) - vs bees (lack of diversification of bees compared to other places)
54
Q

Describe the influence of climate on biodviersity in Australia

A
  • Australia is the most arid country which is inhabited
  • Extraordinary (in paticular invertbrate –> lizard) biodiversity within the desert system
  • Rain effects distrubution patterns of vegitations - rainband.
    • e.g. 222 species of acacia and 160 species of eucalpyt - biodiversity hotspots where most of the species occur.
    • Models of the number of species of birds and mammals follow these distrubution patterns.
55
Q

Identify main threats to biodiversity in Australia?

A
  • Land clearing
  • Fragmented habitats
  • Weeds - weed disrubution normally follows our roads - seeds attached to tires and spread through landscape
  • Altered fire regimes
  • Salinity
  • Altered Hydrology - changed direction of water flow (e.g. capitalise water, or alter its path)
56
Q

What is Australias extintion rate?

A
  • Highest in the world
  • Lost over 30 species of mammal in the past 200 years
57
Q

Why is Australia’s extintion rate so high?

A
  • Isolated for a long time;
    • New species - cats and foxes, marsupials have not evolved with the same cues and are not familiar with cats and foxes in the landscape.
    • We are not educated or proud about our own species. We don’t know what they are e.g. antichinus (check spelling)
58
Q

Case Study Decline in Insect Population

What are the main causes?

A
  • Habitat degredation
  • Use of pesicides
59
Q
A

BIOS1031 (1 decks)

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