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Microbes and You > Biotechnology L9 > Flashcards

Biotechnology L9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is biotechnology

A

controlled and deliberate manipulation of biological systems (whether living cells or cell components) for the efficient manufacture or processing of useful products

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2
Q

what can biotechnology lead to

A 
better quality food
better medicines
clean environment 
security for future energy and food 
sustainable development
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3
Q

example of modern biotechnology

A

cracking DNA structure (Watson and Crick)

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4
Q

what are the common aspects between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

DNA

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5
Q

what must happen to get desired product - harnessing cells

A

think how cell behaves
manipulate metabolic aspects of cell
apply certain techniques to get desired product

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6
Q

what can microbes produce

A

Substrates from biomass or genes from e.g. plant and/or microogranisms

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7
Q

how are substrates utilised to form products

A

metabolism to product synthesis forms products

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8
Q

what are the products that can be made from microbes

A

fine chemicals
pharmaceuticals
polymer building blocks
biokatalysts

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9
Q

what are the microbial products of industrial interest

A 
Antibiotics 
Enzymes
Food additives
Chemicals
Alcohol
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10
Q

what are wild type microbes

A

not genetically modified, isolated from environments

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11
Q

what are GM microbes

A

cloning gene of interest in different organis

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12
Q

what are antibiotics

A

Compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes

Typically secondary metabolites

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13
Q

how are most antibiotics with clinical use made

A

Most antibiotics in clinical use are produced by filamentous fungi or actinomycetes

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14
Q

how are antibiotics still discovered

A

laboratory screening

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15
Q

how are microbes in nature obtained

A

in pure culture
Assayed for products that inhibit growth of test bacteria
Need to a source from new microorganisms

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16
Q

why are antibiotics secondary metabolites

A

Produced during stationary phase, thus secondary

Not essential for growth

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17
Q

what do antibiotics growth depends on

A

Formation depends on growth conditions

requires certain growth factors

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18
Q

how are antibiotics made

A

often significantly overproduced often made by spore forming microbes during sporulation
produced as a group of related compounds

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19
Q

what antibiotics are penicillins

A

beta-lactams

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20
Q

what are beta-lactam penicillins like

A

– Natural and biosynthetic penicillins

– Semisynthetic penicillins

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21
Q

what type of metabolite is penicillin

A

secondary metabolite

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22
Q

when does penicillin production start

A

Production only begins after near-exhaustion of carbon source

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23
Q

what prevents penicillin production

A

High levels of glucose repress

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24
Q

what happens if there is too much carbon in penicillin production

A

Too much carbon not good (should be nearly exhausted, triggers production)
Excess carbon e.g. glucose may supress the production so need other sources e.g. lactose, need to metabolise

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25
Q

what does genetic engineering allow

A

expression of eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes (e.g. insulin)

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26
Q

how can mammalian genes be expressed in bacteria

A

– Cloning the gene via mRNA

– Finding the gene via the protein

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27
Q

how can cDNA be made

A

Can make a cDNA copy from mRNA

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28
Q

what is cDNA used as a template for

A

can be used as a template to be expressed in prokaryote

Can splice gene and insert into prokaryote using purification techniques etc.

29
Q

what are the problems with protein synthesis in a foreign host

A

– Degradation by intracellular proteases
– Toxicity to prokaryotic host (product can be toxic to the host, host may die, need to see the compatibility)
– Formation of inclusion bodies

30
Q

how is protein facilitating protein purified

A

Fusion of a target protein with a carrier protein facilitates protein purification

31
Q

what is important to think about in process and scale

A

Need to think of the upfront costs, depending which organisms to use, upstream and down stream processing

32
Q

how are they fermentated in industry

A

In an industrial context, any large scale microbial process, whether carried out aerobically or anaerobically

33
Q

what is the chemical process (yeast)

A

A budding yeast cell is shown with the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways following glycolysis. The nucleus and mitochondrion
What get at end depends whether there is any oxygen available

34
Q

how can human pancreas cell and bacterium produce insulin

A

human insulin producing gene removed
joined with plasmid DNA that was removed from bacterium
plasmid DNA
introduction of recombinant DNA to recombinant bacterium
put in fermentation tank, multiply and produce human insulin
extract human insulin

35
Q

what is a fermenter

A

a vessel where the microbial processes takes place

36
Q

what is any large scale reaction referred to as, what type of processes are these

A

fermentation

most are aerobic processes

37
Q

what type of fermenters are there

A

anaerobic and aerobic

38
Q

what are most large scale fermenters made of

A

stainless steel

39
Q

how is air pumped into a bioreactor

A

Air bubbles at end of the fermenter is the way to pump air in

40
Q

what is required for the bioreactor to work

A

whole vessel must be closed

41
Q

how does most of the bioreactor sterilisation done

A

in situ

42
Q

what maintains the bioreactor pH

A

additives added

43
Q

what pH are bioreactors

A

pH7

44
Q

what are the properties of a useful industrial microbe

A

– Grows rapidly on a large scale in inexpensive medium
– Produces desired product quickly
– Should not be pathogenic
– Amenable to genetic manipulation

45
Q

how are industrial fermentors monitored

A

Closely monitored during production run

46
Q

what must be measured in industrial fermentors

A

Growth and product formation must be measured

47
Q

what must be controlled in industrial fermentation

A

Environmental factors must be controlled and altered as needed
Including temperature, pH, cell mass, nutrients, and product concentration

48
Q

how must the data be taken in industrial fermentors

A

Data on the process must be obtained in real time

49
Q

what is industrial fermentation scale up

A

The transfer of a process from a small laboratory scale to largescale commercial equipment

50
Q

why is industrial fermentation a major task of biochemical engineer

A

Requires knowledge of the biology of producing organism and the physics of fermentor design and operation

51
Q

what causes challenges in industrial fermentors

A

Many challenges in scale-up arise from aeration and mixing

52
Q

what are smaller fermenters usually used for

A

research

53
Q

what are larger fermenters usually used for

A

production

54
Q

how are ethanol biofuels made

A

fermentation of yeasts

55
Q

what is ethanol important for

A

is a major industrial commodity chemical

56
Q

how many litres of alcohol are made yearly from fermentation of feedstocks

A

Over 60 billion litres

57
Q

what are petroleum biofuels used to make

A

production of butanol

58
Q

what is petroleum synthesised from

A

green algae

59
Q

what do Botryococcus braunii excrete

A

long-chain (C30–C36) hydrocarbons

60
Q

what are amino acids used for

A

– Used as feed additives in the food industry
– Used as nutritional supplements in nutraceutical industry
– Used as starting materials in the chemical industry

61
Q

examples of amino acids used

A
  • Glutamic acid (MSG) – Corynebacterium glutamicum
  • Aspartic acid and phenylalanine (aspartame
    [NutraSweet])
  • Lysine
62
Q

how are enzymes produced

A

from fungi and bacteria

63
Q

where are bacterial proteases used

A

in laundry detergents (can also contain amylases, lipases, and reductases)

64
Q

how are bacterial proteases isolated

A

from alkaliphilic bacteria

> Bacillus licheniformis

65
Q

why are amylases and glucoamylases commercially important

A

Produce high-fructose syrup

66
Q

what are extremozymes

A

Enzymes that function at extreme environmental conditions (e.g., pH or temperature)

67
Q

what produces extremozymes

A

Produced by extremophiles

68
Q

what are microbes a source of

A

a source of a number of bioproducts

69
Q

where can microbes be derived from

A

either wild type or genetically manipulate strains

Microbes and You (14 decks)

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