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Block 2 > Block 2 Quiz (2019) > Flashcards

Block 2 Quiz (2019) Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following mechanical receptors in human skin are spindle -shaped and respond to the stretch of skin?

A

Ruffini organ

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2
Q

Which bones make up the lower limb?

A

Tibia and fibula

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3
Q

A 45 year old female with rheumatoid arthritis is prescribed indomethacin. Inhibition of the production of which of the following substances causes the relief of swelling and tenderness of her joints?

A

Prostaglandins

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4
Q

An 18 month old girl has short stature, difficulty walking and bowing of her legs. Which of the following is defective in bone in cases of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Calcification of bone matrix

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5
Q

Opioid drugs, such as morphine, impact the activity of neurons. What receptor/s does morphine bind to?

A

μ, κ and δ

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6
Q

From which source do chondrocytes receive nutrition in an adult synovial joint?

A

Synovial fluid

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7
Q

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of future fracture risk in a patient with osteoporosis?

A

Existing low-trauma fracture

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8
Q

The initial event following a bone fracture is?

A

Haemorrhage and haematoma formation

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9
Q

All of the following cause muscle atrophy, EXCEPT?

A

Exercise

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10
Q

A 63 year old woman had her thyroid gland removed to treat thyroid cancer. She presents soon after with hypocalcaemia and tetany. Which is the most likely explanation for this presentation?

A

Damage to parathyroid glands

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11
Q

In vertebrates, which neurotransmitter release is needed to depolarise the muscle fibre, and result in muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What aspect of bone does the disease, osteoporosis affect?

A

Bone density

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13
Q

The LEAST common site for a mandibular fracture to occur is:

A

Coronoid process

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14
Q

The most likely diagnosis in a 23-year-old, mentally alert, male of short stature with disproportionate arm and leg to body growth, prominent forehead, and retruded maxilla is:

A

Achondroplasia

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15
Q

A 66 year old man has a dull aching pain in his right hip and right knee that has become progressively worse over the past 8 years. His hands have bony growths over the medical and lateral aspects of the distal interphalangeal joints. What characteristics would you expect in the hip and knee joints?

A

Joint immobility

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16
Q

Which mechanism is involved in the aetiology of osteoporosis when a patient is taking excess glucocorticoids?

A

Increased caspase-3 production

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17
Q

During life, bone remodelling occurs continually. What does the RANK ligand stimulate?

A

Pre-osteoclasts

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18
Q

30 year old Maria Sweeting has occasional tension headaches. She normally treats this pain with paracetamol.

Which of the following statements paracetamol is true?

A

Therapeutic dose is close to toxic dose

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19
Q

Which structure in skeletal muscle acts as a reservoir for calcium ions ?

A

Terminal cisterna

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20
Q

What is the outer section of an intervertebral disc comprising tough elastic tissue called?

A

Annulus fibrosis

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21
Q

Which of the following is a feature of hyperparathyroidism that can be detected radiographically?

A

Lytic lesions

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22
Q

Damage of a motor nerve fibre to a muscle can result in any of the following, EXCEPT?

A

Sensory loss

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23
Q

Which of the following is a drug used to obtain local anaesthesia?

A

Lignocaine

Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor used in combination with a local anaestehics. Nitrous oxide and isoflurane are inhalational GA drugs. Propofol is an IV GA drug.

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24
Q

In rheumatoid arthritis, what is the principal cytokine which induces GM-CSF resulting in T cell proliferation, increased proliferation and differentiation of B cells and induced expression of adhesion molecules?

A

TNF-alpha

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25
Q

Which is a feature of smooth muscle?

A

Well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

Which type of fracture occurs when abnormal bone is placed under minimal stress?

A

Pathologic

27
Q

Which of the following diseases is associated with an altered epidermal cell cycle, where there is hyperproliferation of epidermal cells, and an accelerated cell turn over rate? Lesions of this disease are red papules, covered by silvery scales.

A

Psoriasis

28
Q

Which is the most serious type of bone fracture in older people, in terms of both individual and societal impacts?

A

Hip

29
Q

Which is the most common clinical pattern of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Alternating periods of activity and quiescence

30
Q

Which enzymes do NSAID drugs inhibit?

A

Cyclooxygenase

31
Q

Which structures are specialised stretch receptors that regulate posture and movement by detecting changes in muscle length?

A

Muscle spindles

32
Q

Which of the following bone disorders would typically cause raised serum alkaline phosphatase?

A

Paget’s disease

33
Q

Which of the following organs is NOT involved in regulating plasma calcium levels?

A

Lungs

34
Q

The brachial plexus is a group of spinal nerves supplying the arm. Which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

C5-C8 and T1

35
Q

A 53 year old woman makes an emergency dental appointment. She has a three day history of bilateral aching pain in her ‘jaw joint’ and has been having difficulty chewing and talking for any length of time. The patient has a history of chronic arthritis, affecting her hands and wrists, along with left knee and hip joints. The examination reveals a temperature of 36.9°C and there is no facial asymmetry or evidence of scarring. Both the right and left temporomandibular joints are swollen, painful and tender on palpation but there was no clicking. Mandibular opening is limited.

Which condition is this patient most likely to have?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

TMJ is affected in up to 17% of people with Rh arthritis. Usually bilateral. Pain, tenderness and stiffness indicate inflammation. Acute otitis media may present with hearing loss, unlikely to be bilateral. Osteomyelitis - presents with patient more systemically unwell. - fever, malaise.

36
Q

A 69 year old woman’s blood results indicate that she has low Vitamin D levels. She is diagnosed with a condition where there is insufficient calcium and phosphate to mineralise newly formed osteoid. Which of the following conditions does she have?

A

Osteomalacia

37
Q

For a patient with osteoarthritis who is taking NSAIDs, all of the following may be limitations to dental management, EXCEPT:

A

Adrenal suppression

38
Q

A bone disorder characterised by infection and inflammation of bone is called:

A

Osteomyelitis

39
Q

Mrs Betty Smith is a 75 year old woman who presents to her GP with a six-month history of pain in her right knee, which is worse with prolonged walking. She has no relevant past history. Physical examination reveals a small effusion and crepitus on movement. Her body mass index is 35. A diagnosis of osteoarthritis is made.

Which of the following is the most important initial aspect of treatment?

A

Weight loss

The symptoms and function of patients with early osteoarthritis are best improved by lifestyle measures. This includes weight loss, activity modification, physiotherapy exercises, mobility aids. Paracetamol is the pharmacological agent of first choice for pain relief. NSAIDs commonly cause peptic ulcer disease in the elderly. Surgical options are best reserve for late, debilitating osteoarthritis.

40
Q

Which describes current understandings about prosthetic joints and dental treatment?

A

Patients at high risk of joint infection should be identified before dental treatment

41
Q

The vertebral column comprises how many thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

42
Q

A 39 year old dental practitioner has paraesthesia of sections of the right hand, and is diagnosed with entrapment of the median nerve. All are risk factors for this condition, EXCEPT?

A

Male gender

43
Q

Peak bone mass is an important consideration in determining risk of osteoporosis. All the following influence peak bone mass, EXCEPT?

A

Childhood fracture

44
Q

The most common manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) is?

A

Polyarthritis

45
Q

Regarding the bone, the atlas, which of the following is correct?

A

It contains a groove for the vertebral artery

46
Q

With respect to normal bone, which of the following is correct?

A

Bone remodelling is due to bone deposition and bone resorption

47
Q

The most effective treatment strategy for mechanical lower back pain is?

A

Light activity

48
Q

The adult spinal cord ends at which vertebral level?

A

L2

49
Q

A Facial nerve palsy would result in?

A

A drooping mouth

50
Q

What is the name given to the area of skin innervated by sensory fibres from a single spinal nerve?

A

Dermatome

51
Q

A 48 year old male patient has a six month history of dry, gritty eyes and a dry mouth. He has new dental carious lesions, after a caries-free period of 18 years. Both parotid glands are swollen, exhibited by mild bilateral facial swelling. Minor salivary gland biopsy would show?

A

Lymphocytic infiltration

52
Q

Which of the following muscle proteins play an important role in contraction of both smooth and striated muscle?

A

Actin

53
Q

Osteonecrosis of the jaws can result from dental trauma in patients taking which medication?

A

Risedronate

54
Q

Facial fractures are common in road accidents, falls and fights. In a Le Fort type 2 fracture, the fracture line would pass through which of the following structures?

A

Inferior orbital rim

55
Q

A 59 year old woman has gradual onset of pain and stiffness of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the index and middle fingers of both hands. Which type of arthritis is this patient most likely to have?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

56
Q

Which is the main feature of the pannus of the joint in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Proliferative and invasive granulation tissue

57
Q

Which of the following is a pure opioid antagonist that can be used in the treatment of opioid overdose?

A

Naloxone

58
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease. In addition to joint disease, a patient with rheumatoid arthritis could experience the following, EXCEPT?

A

Thyroiditis

59
Q

Which is a feature of group C nerve fibres?

A

Are more associated with dull or burning pain

60
Q

Osteoarthritis of the knee is a major cause of disability in Australia. Which is the single most important risk factor for OA of the knee?

A

Obesity

Block 2 (30 decks)

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