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Anatomy 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood classified as?

A

Connective Tissue + Only Fluid tissue in the body

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2
Q

What are the different components of blood?

A

1) Living cells (cellular/formed elements)
2) Non-living matrix (plasma and solutes- ions, proteins, etc)

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3
Q

What types of cells are included in formed elements?

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Platelets
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4
Q

What are the primary characteristics of blood?

A
  • Used as transportation
  • Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
  • oxygen poor blood is dull red
  • pH ~7.35-7.45
  • Blood temp is ~38 C
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5
Q

What is blood hematocrit?

A
  • hematocrit is percentage of blood- known after blood is centrifuged
  • erythrocytes sink to bottom (makes up 45% of blood)
  • buffy coat containing leukocytes + platelets is <1%)
  • plasma at top (55% of blood)
  • can use to determine pathologies like infection, leukemia, and anemia
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6
Q

Kwashiorkor

A
  • Occurs as a result of anorexia/malnutrition
  • Physical symptoms: Distended abdomen caused by edema + fluid movement
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7
Q

What makes up plasma?

A
  • 90% water
  • 6-8% proteins: increase osmotic pressure, buffer H+, blood viscosity, provide fuel during starvation
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8
Q

What nutrients are in plasma?

A

Glucose for energy
Amino Acids for protein synthesis
Lipids for hormones
Vitamins as coenzymes

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9
Q

Alb

A

Albumin- 60% of plasma proteins; produced by liver; main contributor to osmotic pressure
Globulins- 36% of plasma proteins; produced by liver, most are transport pproteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat soluble vitamins
Gamma Globulins: Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response
Fibrinogen: 4% of plasma proteins; produced by liver; forms fibrin threads of blood clot

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10
Q

What is Buffered Ringer’s Solution?

A
  • Solution of distilled water containing electrolytes + compounds so that same concs as their occurence in body fluids
  • Fluid is iso-osmotic to blood and other tissues
  • 300 mOsm/L
  • Blood and other tissue osmolarity must be equal to prevent net movement
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11
Q

What follows water reabsorption in osmosis?

A

Water reabsorption follows and occurs in the kidney (water follows sodium)

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12
Q

What is the neutral blood pH?

A

7.4

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13
Q

What is acidosis?

A

When blood becomes too acidic (less than 7.35)

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14
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

When the blood is too basic (above 7.45)

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15
Q

How is blood pH balance maintained?

A

Repiratory system and kidneys help restore blood pH to normal -> by maintaining H+ and bicarbonate levels in the blood

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16
Q

What are some complications that result from acid-base disturbances?

A
  • Protein structure denatures
  • Neuron excitability changes
  • balances of other ions change
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • unregulated vasodilation or constriction which in turn impacts blood flow
17
Q

Describe erythrocytes

A
  • biconcave shape to increase surface area, allows more space to transport O2, CO2, H2O
  • Shape allows for swelling and fitting through small capillaries
  • Can give up and pick up water based on body needs (ex. Picks up water so brain doesn’t swell)
18
Q

What are the primary functions and characteristics of erythocytes?

A
  • Transport oxygen and CO2
  • No nucleus or mitochondria
  • most abundant formed element
  • flexible membrane with aquaporins
  • maintains osmolarity and blood plasma pH
19
Q

What is hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

A
  • binds strongly to oxygen (reversible)
  • has 4 oxygen binding sites
  • Can also bind to Co2 and H+
  • all 4 subunits must bind to same molecule type (4 O2 or 4 CO2)
20
Q

What is the site of blood cell formation?

A
  • Fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation
  • red bone marrow takes over hematopoeisis after several months
21
Q

How is fetal hemoglobin different from adult hemoglobin?

A
  • has gamma subunits instead of beta subunits and have a higher affinity for oxygen
  • steal O2 from mother
22
Q

What happens to erythrocytes after they form?

A
  • mature RBCs can’t divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
  • die in100-120 days and are eliminated by phagocytes from the spleen or liver
  • lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
  • Iron is component of hemoglobin
23
Q

What is normal hemoglobin content of blood in men and women?

A

Men: 13-18 g/dL
Women: 12-16 g/dL

24
Q

What hormone is responsible for erythrocyte production and where does it come from?

A
  • controlled by erythropoietin

Anatomy 2 (7 decks)

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