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Blood Chapter > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

when blood is spun out

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2
Q

What are the percentages of a hematocrit?

A

plasma - fifty-five percent, buffy coat (leukocytes and thrombocytes) - less than one percent, erythrocytes - forty-five percent

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3
Q

What is plasma?

A

liquid portion of blood, ninety percent water, yellowish color, primary and largest component of blood

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4
Q

What does plasma do?

A

clotting factors; allows body to move materials throughout body quickly.

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5
Q

What types of nutrients does plasma carry?

A

glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids

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6
Q

What does plasma transport?

A

carries nutrients, oxygen, proteins, fibrinogen, albumin, electrocytes, components of immune system, enzymes, and hormones

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7
Q

Where is plasma passed from?

A

the digestive system

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8
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

liquid connective tissue

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9
Q

What does a hemocytoblast do?

A

gives rise to blood cells during the development process of erythrocytes

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10
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

liquid connective tissue

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11
Q

What do hemocytoblasts do with their nucleus and why?

A

they eject it so erythrocytes can carry more oxygen to tissues

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12
Q

Where are all blood cells made (specific places)?

A

made in bone marrow, specifically in vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and pelvic and pectoral girdles

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13
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

transporting molecule in erythrocytes

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14
Q

What binds to hemoglobin?

A

oxygen

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15
Q

What color are veins?

A

blue

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16
Q

What color is blood when deoxygenated?

A

originally red, but kind of purple when deoxygenated

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17
Q

What is vasculature?

A

the vascular system

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18
Q

Explain the movement of blood

A

oxygenated blood moves through the vasculature, erythrocytes release oxygen in the narrow capillares within body tissue and diffuse capillary walls into tissues. Then…waste products such as carbon dioxide diffuse into the bloodstream and is carried inside erythroctes and plasma.

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19
Q

What happens with deoxygenated blood? (continuation of movement of blood)

A

deoxygenated blood travels through the vasculature and back into the lungs where carbon dioxide is expelled from the body

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20
Q

Compare the viscosity of blood vs. water

A

blood has more viscosity than water because of blood cells and proteins (4-5 times more thicker than water)

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21
Q

What happens if blood is too thick?

A

blood wouldn’t flow

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22
Q

What are the three steps of hemostasis in order?

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation phase

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23
Q

Explain vascular spasm in hemostasis

A

blood vessels constrict to limit blood escape

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24
Q

Explain platelet plug formation in hemostasis

A

platelets arrive at site of injury and stick to exposed collagen fibers

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25
Q

Explain coagulation phase in hemostasis

A

coagulation cascade converts inactive proteins to active forms and forms a blood clot

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26
Q

What can be found in coagulation?

A

substances, clotting factors, and vitamin k

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27
Q

What are the substances in coagulation?

A

calcium, platelets, vitamin k

28
Q

What are the clotting factors in coagulation?

A

named in order of their discovery: II, VII, IX, and X. most inactive enzymes produced in the liver

29
Q

What is vitamin k?

A

a fat-soluable vitamin that is required for synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X; it is also a coenzyme

30
Q

What makes vitamin k?

A

intestinal bacteria

31
Q

What is the overall objective of coagulation?

A

convert fibrinogen to fibrin

32
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

a soluble plasma protein

33
Q

What is fibrin?

A

a insoluble, sticky protein, that traps blood cells and platelets to form clots

34
Q

What happens in hemostasis after coagulation?

A

clot retraction and fibrinolysis

35
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

occurs within about thirty minutes, compacting clot; platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) secreted; stimulates repair of damaged vessel

36
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

breakdown of clot occurs after tissue repair is complete, prevention of innappropriate clotting

37
Q

What is platelet repulsion?

A

dilution of thrombin in bloodstream

38
Q

What are examples of anticoagulants?

A

antithrombin and heparin

39
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

blood clotting

40
Q

What are the two types of thrombosis disorders?

A

thrombus and embolus

41
Q

Explain thrombus

A

abnormal blood clotting in undamaged blood vessel, doesn’t move, everything below it suffers

42
Q

Explain embolus

A

thrombus that breaks loose and travels in blood stream, does move, can lodge

43
Q

Functions of the circulatory system?

A

transportation, protection, and regulation

44
Q

What does the circulatory system transport?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, metabolic wastes, and hormones

45
Q

What does the circulatory system protect?

A

protects body from microorganisms, cancer cells, toxins, and excessive blood loss

46
Q

What does the circulatory system regulate?

A

fluid balance, water added to blood from GI tract, water lost in urine or skin, exchange of fluid between blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

47
Q

Average blood volume?

A

4-5L in females, 5-6L in males

48
Q

Viscosity of blood?

A

4-5 times more viscous than water (thicker), depends on amounts of dissolved substances in blood

49
Q

When does the viscosity of blood increase?

A

increases if amount of erythrocytes increase, increases if amount of fluid increases

50
Q

What is plasma concentration?

A

relative concentration of solutes in plasma, determines whether fluids move into or out of plasma by osmosis

51
Q

When is plasma concentration hypertonic?

A

during dehydration, hypertonic means fluid moving into plasma from surrounding tissues

52
Q

Average blood pH?

A

between 7.35 and 7.45

53
Q

Average hemoglobin?

A

12-16 in females, 13-18 in males

54
Q

Mean erythrocyte count?

A

4.25-5.4 million in females, 4.6-6.2 million in males

55
Q

Average thrombocyte count?

A

130,000-360,000

56
Q

Total leukocyte count?

A

5,000-10,000

57
Q

Why does blood taste metallic?

A

blood has iron and copper in it

58
Q

What would blood look like without hemoglobin?

A

it would be green

59
Q

Plasma is a mixture of?

A

H20, proteins, nutrients, electrocytes, nitrogen containing wastes, hormones, and gases

60
Q

Plasma contains which proteins?

A

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

61
Q

Protein percentages?

A

albumin - 60%, globulins - 36%, fibrinogen - 4%

62
Q

Function of albumin?

A

responsible for colloid osmotic pressure; major contributor to blood viscosity; transports lipids, hormones, calcium, and other solutes; also buffers blood pH

63
Q

Function of globulin?

A

many types, transports hemoglobin that is released by dead erythrocytes, transports copper, promotes blood clotting, transports lipids, fat-soluable vitamins and hormones; transports iron and aids in destruction of toxins and microorganisms.

64
Q

Function of fibrinogen?

A

major component of blood clotting because it becomes fibrin

65
Q

Function of antibodies?

A

combats pathogens

66
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

the production of formed elements (blood cells)

67
Q

What makes feces brown?

A

the breakdown of hemoglobin in erythrocytes

Blood Chapter (2 decks)

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