blood

Question 1

what is blood made up of

Answer 1

red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

Question 2

what is blood

Answer 2

a type of connective tissue

Question 3

two main broad functions of blood

Answer 3

maintains homeostasis

transports substances

Question 4

how many liters of blood are in the average adult

Answer 4

5

Question 5

what is hematocrit and what are the average levels in males and females

Answer 5

the percent of blood composed of red blood cells

males: 41%
females: 38%

Question 6

how many hemoglobin molecules are part of a RBC

Answer 6

240-250 million

Question 7

how many heme components are there to hold oxygen

Answer 7

4

Question 8

what is the shape of a RBC and how does this help its funcion

Answer 8

its a biconcave shape and this helps it to transport gases

Question 9

how are RBC formed while we are embryos/fetuses

Answer 9

formed in the liver, spleen, and yolk sac

Question 10

how are RBC formed after birth

Answer 10

red marrow in bones

Question 11

what is the life span of RBC

Answer 11

100-120 days

Question 12

what is erythropoietin, whats it triggered by, and what is the function

Answer 12

Its a hormone that controls the rate of RBC formation through negative feedback

its triggered by testosterone

when oxygen levels gets low erythropoietin triggers to make more RBCs

Question 13

Destruction of RBC’s

Answer 13

passing through capillaries
-this damages the cells over time

macrophages
-these engulf dead cells

Question 14

what are the 5 types of white blood cells

Answer 14

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes

Question 15

what is another name for WBC

Answer 15

leukocytes

Question 16

neutrophils

Answer 16

• have cytoplasmic granules
• multilobed nucleus
• account for 54-62% of the WBCs

Question 17

eosinophils

Answer 17

• uniform granules
• stain red
• bilobed nucleus
• 1-3% of WBC

Question 18

basophils

Answer 18

• irrugularly shaped granules
• stain deep blue
• less than 1% of WBC

Question 19

monocytes

Answer 19

• largest WBC
• agranule
• kidney shaped nuclues
• 3-9% of WBC
• live for several weeks/months

Question 20

lymphocytes

Answer 20

-slightly larger than RBC
- large round nucleus
-agranule
25-33% of WBC
-can live for years

Question 21

function of WBC

Answer 21

protect against infections by attacking bacteria

phagocytize bacterial cells: monocytes take care of the large particles, neutrophils for the small

produce protein (antibodies) that destroy other foreign particles: lymphocytes

-moderate allergic reactions: eosinophils

Question 22

WBC count

Answer 22

in a cubic mL of blood 5,000-10,000

Question 23

differential white blood cell count

Answer 23

this test lists the percentages of the different types of leukocytes in the blood sample

this is useful because certain percentages may increase or decrease if a certain infection of disease is taking place

Question 24

function of blood platelets and the normal counts

Answer 24

repair damage in ruptured blood vessels

130,000-360,000

Question 25

function of blood plasma

Answer 25

transports nutrients, gases and vitamins
regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
maintains a favorable pH

Question 26

3 plasma proteins and their functions

Answer 26

1. albumin: helps maintain osmotic pressure
2. globulins: alpha, beta, gamma-antibodies
3. fibrinogen: coagulation

Question 27

nutrients and gases transported by blood

Answer 27

oxygen and carbon dioxide
amino acids
monosaccarides
nucleotides
lipids

Question 28

plasma electrolytes

Answer 28

they are absorbed from the intestine or released as by products of cellular metabolism
-Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate

Question 29

what is hemostasis

Answer 29

stopping of bleeding

Question 30

what are the steps involved in hemostasis

Answer 30

1. blood vessel spasm
   - triggers next 2 stages
2. Platelets plug formation
   - platelets adhere to each other and to end of ruptured blood vessel, this is effective in small vessels
3. Blood coagulation: larger vessels
   - tissue thomoplastin
   - produces prothrombin activator
   - converts fibrinogen into fibrin which is a net like structure

Question 31

Bloodgroups

Answer 31

Agglutination: clumping of RBCs following a transfusion reaction

• antigens: proteins on the surface of RBC
• antibodies: carried in the plasma

Question 32

ABO blood group

Answer 32

if you have type A blood: A antigen, B antibody

AB: A&B antigen, neither antibody

O: no antigen, A&B antibody

Question 33

RH blood group

Answer 33

this is the postive or negative associated with blood types

• RH antigen is present on RBC
• inherited