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Important Path bits > Blood film interpretation > Flashcards

Blood film interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of hypochromasia?

A

Reduced Hb - Iron def, thalassaemia’s, sideroblastic anaemia, chronic inflammation

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2
Q

What are the causes of polychromasia?

A

Due to RNA retention in larger immune cells - indicates bone marrow stress or haemolysis

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3
Q

What are Target cells and what causes them?

A

RBCs with a central area of increased staining surrounded by a ring of hypodense staining, with a further ring of sense staining at the edge of the cell (bullseye look) - caused by Thalassaemia, severe Fe-def, liver disease, SCA, haemoglobinopathies

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4
Q

What are Acanthocytes and what causes them?

A

Spiculated (irregularly spikey-edged) RBCs which are microcytic and lack a central pallor - caused by Asplenia, hypothyroidism, Pyruvate kinase def, MAHA

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5
Q

What are Spherocytes and what causes them?

A

Rounded RBCs that have lost their biconcave shape due to membrane loss (usually in the spleen) - caused by active haemolysis, DIC, AI haemolytic anaemia, hereditary spherocytosis, G6PD def, severe burns

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6
Q

What are Schistocytes and what causes them?

A

Fragmented RBCs - caused by intravascular haemolysis, MAHA, mechanical heart valve

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7
Q

What are Tear drop poikilocytes and what causes them?

A

Tear-drop shaped RBCs due to compression of RBCs during release into the blood - caused by myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes

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8
Q

What are Burr cells (eccinocytes) and what cause them?

A

A RBC with regular spicules (10-30) - caused by uraemia, hypokalaemia, an artefact from sitting in EDTA too long

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9
Q

What is Basophilic stippling and what causes it?

A

The presence of small granular bodies (denatured RNA fragments) w/in the RBC cytoplasm due to disordered/accelerated erythropoiesis
and the release of RBC w/ immature cytoplasm- caused by haemoglobinopathies, haemolytic anaemia, severe infections, myelofibrosis

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10
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies and what causes them?

A

Nuclear remnants found in RBCs which are usually removed by the spleen - caused by splenectomy, hereditary spherocytosis, SCA

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11
Q

What are Heinz Bodies and what causes them?

A

Denatured Hb due to exidative damage, appears as a pale circle in the RBC - caused by G6PD deficiency, alpha-thalassaemia, AI haemolytic anaemia

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12
Q

Define Poikilocytosis.

A

Abnormally shaped RBCs

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13
Q

What is Reticulocytosis and what causes it?

A

Immature, oversized RBC - caused by haemolytic anaemia, post haemorrhage, polycythaemia marrow infiltrates, anaplastic anaemia, haem malignancies

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14
Q

What are Elliptocytes and what causes them?

A

Elliptical shaped RBC - caused by hereditary elliptocytosis, myeloproliferative disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes

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15
Q

What is a Rouleaux and what causes them?

A

Stacks/clumps of RBCs which develop when plasma acute-phase protein conc is high and can be a sign of high ESR - caused by infections/AI conditions, multiple myeloma

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16
Q

What is RBC agglutination and what causes it?

A

Bound RBC stuck together in clumps - caused by Cold haemagglutinin disease, Waldenstroms macroglobulinaemia

17
Q

How can you differentiate between rouleaux and agglutination?

A

Dilute the blood w/ saline, rouleaux is dispersed but agglutination is not

18
Q

What is Left shift and what causes it?

A

Abnormal rise in neutrophil precursors (hyposegmented neutrophils) - caused by myelodysplastic syndrome, myelofibrosis, chemo, acute infection

19
Q

What is Leuko-erythroblastic anaemia and what causes it?

A

Anaemia w/ the presence of very immature blast cells - caused by BM infiltration

20
Q

What are hypersegmented neutrophils and what causes them?

A

Neutrophils w/ 6 or more lobes - caused by liver disease (most common), uraemia and megaloblastic anaemia

21
Q

What are Auer rods and what causes them?

A

Rod-shaped inclusions in very immature myeloblasts - caused by AML (pathognomonic)

22
Q

What are Pelger-Huet cells and what causes them?

A

Bilobed neutrophils (shaped like dumbbells) - caused by hereditary Pelger-Huet, myelodysplastic syndromes

23
Q

What are Smear cells and what causes them?

A

Lymphocytes that have had their cell membrane ruptured during slide preperation - caused by CLL

Important Path bits (8 decks)

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