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Histo Exam 4 > Blood/hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood/hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

blood is composed of

A

formed elements (cells) + plasma

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2
Q

contents of plasma

A

water, protein, solutes

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3
Q

major proteins in plasma

A

fibrinogen, albumin, and globulins

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4
Q

peripheral blood of an individual contains about how many erythrocytes

A

25 trillion

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5
Q

red blood cells comprise about what percent of total blood volume

A

45%

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6
Q

RBCs are shaped how? (e.g. squares, rectangles, ovals, etc.)

A

biconcave

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7
Q

are RBCs uninucleated, binucleated, or multinucleated?

A

they don’t have a nucleus

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8
Q

how do RBCs stain

A

eosinophilic

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9
Q

what protein composes about 1/3 of the RBC’s mass?

A

hemoglobin

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10
Q

red blood cells live for about how long

A

120 days

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11
Q

where are red blood cells destroyed

A

in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow

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12
Q

what are reticulocytes

A

new red blood cells from bone marrow - complete hemoglobin synth & mature 1-2 days after entering circulation

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13
Q

what could reticulocytes be a sign of

A

could be a sign of internal bleeding or anemia

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14
Q

genetic alteration of hemoglobin beta-chain (single amino acid substition valine for glutamic acid) would be characterized by what disease

A

sickle cell anemia

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15
Q

what structures denature and what structures cluster in a sickle cell?

A

hemoglobin denatures

band3 protein, ankyrin, and spectrin cluster

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16
Q

what happens to most sickle cells and why?

A

these deformed cells have difficulty in passing through the splenic sinuses - trapped and removed by macrophages

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17
Q

what can sickle cells do to endothelial cells?

A

they can also adhere to capillary endothelial cells - occlude vessels

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18
Q

what would a spleen look like of a patient with sickle cell anemia

A

splenomegaly - enlarged by sequestering of sickle cells in the cords & sinuses

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19
Q

sickle cell anemia patients have a (lengthened/shortened) life span

A

shortened

~kinda obvious

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20
Q

hereditary spherocytosis is an inherited disorder with what major defect

A

defect in RBC membrane

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21
Q

what would a RBC with hereditary spherocytosis look like?

A

spheroidal, less deformable cells (thick of big bouncy balls that aren’t flexible enough to fit through a door)

susceptible to destruction by spleen macrophages

lack central pale zone in blood smears

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22
Q

what is supposed to provide the biconcave shape in RBC and allows the RBC to change shape?

A

membrane spectrin in association with ankyrin and actin

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23
Q

what is the major mutation in hereditary spherocytosis (per Dr. Turek’s notes)

A

spectrin deficiency (60-90%)

some have ankyrin mutation

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24
Q

patients with hereditary spherocytosis would be expected to have what conditions clinically

A

anemia and splenomegaly

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25
Q

platelets are derived from

A

megakaryocytes

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26
Q

megakaryocytes have platelet demarcation channels derived from what structure? this is continuous with what space?

A

demarcation channels derived from plasma membrane.

continuous with the extracellular space

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27
Q

function of platelets?

A

function in blood clotting, clot retration, clot dissolution

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28
Q

contents of platelets

A

alpha granules and dense core granules

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29
Q

characteristic of alpha granules

A

lysosomal in character

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30
Q

contents of dense core granules

A

contain serotonin, ADP, ATP, & calcium

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31
Q

platelets have numerous cytoplasmic microtubules and are also a source of vasoactive compounds such as ________. These are derived from ___________ metabolism

A

thromboxane A2 is an example of a vasoactive compound

derived from cyclooxygenase metabolism

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32
Q

upon activation, platelets redistribute their microtubules and redistribute/rapidly polymerize actin into microfilaments to look like what

A

platelets change from their discoid shape to a more flattened appearance with extensive ruffling of cell membrane

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33
Q

neutrophils are granulocytes with how many lobes of nuclei

A

3 lobed nuclei, possibly up to 5 as it matures

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34
Q

what stimulates a neutrophil to undergo mitosis?

A

nothing. it’s terminally differentiated

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35
Q

what “specific granules” does a neutrophil have

A

small ones with alkaline phosphatase + antibacterial proteins called phagocytins

large azurophilic granules with myeloperoxidase + lysosomal enzymes

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36
Q

what is the first cell to appear during inflammation (aka innate immune response)

A

neutrophil

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37
Q

what cell make a majority of the white cells in the blood

A

neutrophils make up 65-75% of white cells in blood

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38
Q

what are immature neutrophils called? how would you describe them

A

stab/band cells - horshoe-shaped nucleus that live 6-10 hours in blood & 2-3 days in tissue

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39
Q

how big is a neutrophil?

A

9-12 micrometers

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40
Q

how big is a basophil?

A

10-12 micrometers

41
Q

basophils have what types of granules

A

basophilic granules

42
Q

contents of basophilic granules (4)

A

hydrolytic enzymes, histamine, heparan sulfate proteoglycan & slow reacting substance

43
Q

what factor does a basophil secrete?

A

eosinophil chemotactic factor

44
Q

are basophils lobed?

A

it is, but it can be hard to see in blood smears

45
Q

how long does a basophil live

A

1-10 hours in blood

46
Q

what do basophils bind to ?

what is this similar to?

A

basophils bin to IgE

mast cells also bind to IgE

47
Q

basophils make up what % of white cells in blood?

A

0.5-2% of white blood cells in blood

48
Q

eosinophils are how big?

A

12-15 micrometers

49
Q

eosinophils have large eosinophilic granules that contain what (5)

A

contain arylsulfatase, histaminase, acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, & peroxidase

50
Q

function of histaminase

A

decreases severtiy of allergic reactions

51
Q

eosinophils have how many lobes to their nucleus

A

bilobed

52
Q

when would you expect the concentration of eosinophils to increase?

A

in allergic reactions and parasitic infections - leave bloodstream and enter connective tissue

53
Q

eosinophils make up what % of wbcs?

A

0-4% white blood cells in blood; 6% in children

54
Q

how would you describe a monocyte

A

agranular phagocytic leukocyte (20-25 micrometers)
oval to kidney bean shaped nucleus
does contain lysosomes

55
Q

what happens to monocytes when it moves from the blood into the tissue spaces

A

differentiates into other cells in monocyte/macrophage lineage
(e.g. macrophage, osteoclast, giant cells)

56
Q

what response would a monocyte be important in

A

regulation of immune response and inflammation

57
Q

monocytes make up what % of white blood cells in blood?

A

2-9% of wbcs in blood and live 1-3 days in blood

58
Q

lymphocytes come in varying sizes. what would be the sizes of small, medium, and large lyphocytes?

A

small (6-9 micrometers)
medium (10-12 micrometers)
large (13-18 micrometers)

59
Q

lymphocytes compose what % of wbcs in blood?

A

lymphocytes are mononuclear cells that compose 20-35% of wbcs

60
Q

how would you describe the nucleus of a lymphocyte

A

nucleus is round/oval in small/medium lymphocytes & may be reniform (kidney-shaped) in large lymphocytes

61
Q

so lymphocytes have big nuclei. what about cytoplasm

A

little cytoplasm evident

62
Q

T-lymphocytes are derived from and mature where

A

derived from bone marrow and mature in thymus

63
Q

B-lymphocyes derived from

A

bone marrow lymphoid progenitor cells

64
Q

null cells are (small/medium/large) granular lymphocytes that may differentiate into what?

A

null cells are large granular lymphocytes that may differentiate into natural killer cells or killer cells (NK or K)

65
Q

when would bone marrow be an actively hematopoeitic tissue

A

when it is in the fetus

66
Q

why is adult bone marrow less hematopoietic

A

because it regresses from hematopoeitic red marrow to resting, fat-storing yellow marrow

67
Q

where would you find red marrow in adults?

A

vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis, and proximal femur

68
Q

where do people typically take bone marrow (per Dr. Turek)

A

bone marrow taken typically taken from iliac crest

69
Q

hematopoeisis begins when?

A

early in embryonic development,
@ second week of gestation in the yolk sac,
@ 6th week in liver

70
Q

how is the differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells stimulated?

A

by various cytokines that are colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

71
Q

what does interleukin 7 stimulate differentiation into

A

lymphoid precursors - B/T cells

72
Q

what are some other CSFs

A

granulocyte-monocyte CSF -> neutrophils/monocytes
eosinophil CFU -> eosinophils
basophil CFU -> basophils
erythroid CFU -> erythrocytes

73
Q

what causes differentiation into erythroblasts?

A

erythropoeitin

74
Q

what are the two progenitors from a pluripotent stem cell?

A 
myeloid progenitor (RBCs/platelets/megakaryocytes/eosinophils/basophils/neutrophils/monocytes)
lymphoid progenitor (all the B/T/NK/K cells)
75
Q

what causes an increase in erythroblast basophilia

A

ribosome accumulation in cytoplasm

76
Q

how do developing RBCs become a polychromatophilic erythroblast

A

ribosomes bind to hemoglobin mRNA

synth hemoglobin which reduces basophilia

77
Q

when does a developing RBC become an orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)

A

hemoglobin concentration increases, cytoplasm stain pink

78
Q

as hemoglobin accumulates in the developing RBC, what happens to the nucleus

A

nucleus condenses and undergoes a heterochromatic involution-> sheds nucleus & most mitochondria & polyribosomes => erythrocyte

79
Q

hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs degrade into what

A

bilirubin and “other materials”

80
Q

degraded heme goes where

A

excreted in bile

81
Q

how is iron transported

A

by serum glycoprotein transferrin to bone marrow

where its used to synthesize new hemoglobin

82
Q

what are myeloblasts

A

first recognizable granulocyte precursor
large euchromatic nucleus with several nuclei
no granules in basophilic cytoplasm

83
Q

when do the myeloblasts become promyelocytes

A

when the cytoplasm accumulates a few azurophilic (nonspecific) granules
nucleus accumulates heterochromatin & slight indentation in nucleus

84
Q

what does a promyelocyte differentiate into?

A

specific granules accumulate in cytoplasm and differentiates into metamyelocyte

85
Q

what do metamyelocytes have to do to become fully developed

A

accumulate specific granules and complete nuclear condensation & lobulation

86
Q

how is the development of monocytes and granulocytes different?

A

they have the same precursor but they have different monoblast & promonocyte stages

87
Q

megakaryocytes are precursors to

A

platelet precursors

88
Q

megakaryocytes are derived from

A

megakaryoblasts

89
Q

megakaryoblasts respond to what

A

thrombopoietin

90
Q

size of megakaryocytes

A

100 micrometers

91
Q

characteristics of megakaryocytes

A

exist only in bone marrow, multilobulated, cell does not divide but becomes larger with nucleus becoming polyploid

92
Q

how polyploid can a megakaryocyte get

A

64N through endomitosis

93
Q

when does a megakaryocyte fragment

A

when the cell membrane fuses with smooth ER membranes

94
Q

how long do platelets remain in the bloodstream

A

they remain in the bloodstream 7-10 days

replaced by new platelets from BM

95
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia

A

rapid growth of immature WBCs. common in children

96
Q

acute myelogenous leukemia

A

unregulated growth of WBCs from myeloid lineage. common in adults

97
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

B cell cancer mainly in adult males

98
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

unregulated growth of myeloid cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) in bone marrow. tanslocation between chromosome 9 & 22 (Philadelphia chromsome/translocation)

Histo Exam 4 (3 decks)

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