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Blood Transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What does the blood group show?

A

type of antigens present on the red blood cell

A - antigen A

B - antigen B

AB - antigens A and B

O - none

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2
Q

If a person has blood group B, what antibodies are present in the blood?

A

A

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3
Q

What is the difference in the formation of antigens in group A, B and O?

A

O - H antigen (H stem only)

A - N-acetyl galactosamine (type of sugar residue) added to glycoprotein (fuc) of H stem

B - Galactose added to glycoprotein (fuc) of H stem

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4
Q

How would you describe the inheritance of A and B genes and the O genes respectively?

A

A and B - Co-Dominant

O - Recessive

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5
Q

What would happen if a patient with blood group O was given plasma of group B?

A

Group O blood of patient has anti-A and anti-B

Anti-B binds to antigen B on new blood of group B

Visual agglutination occurs

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6
Q

What is the most important antigen?

A

D

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7
Q

What’s the name given where incompatible red cells are transfused?

A

Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions (HTRs)

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8
Q

What’s Haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN)

A

where the fetus has a different RBC antigen to mother and mother has produced an antibody to that RBC antigen that has crossed the placenta

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9
Q

What type of antibodies are ABO antibodies

A

IgM

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10
Q

What are acquired antibodies

A

IgG antibodies

cause haemolysis (mainly extravascular) resulting in delayed HTRs. IgG antibodies are also able to cross the placenta and cause HDFN

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11
Q

Give the genotype for someone who is RhD negative and what does this mean for the blood of the patient?

A

dd

Patient has no D antigens but can make anti-D if sensitised

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12
Q

How does being RhD negative affect future transfusions for that patient?

A

If blood transfused into the patient is positive, the anti-D in the blood of the patient will react with RhD positive blood

Causing delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction - anemia; high bilirubin

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13
Q

How does a mother being RhD negative affect the foetus during pregnancy?

A

If foetus is RhD positive, then the mother’s anti-D will cross placenta and attach to RhD positive red cells of foetus

Can cause haemolysis of foetal red cells

If severe: hydrops fetalis and death

If less severe: baby survives but after birth, high bilirubin levels can cause brain damage or death

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14
Q

What class are anti-D antibodies?

A

IgG

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15
Q

What two things should be tested when trying to provide compatible blood for a patient needing a blood transfusion?

A

ABO and RhD blood groups on patient’s red cells

Antibody screen on patient’s plasma

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16
Q

How does the compatibility testing before transfusing patients occur?

A

ABO group - test patient’s red cells with known anti-A and anti-B reagents

RhD group - test patient’s red cells with known anti-D and reagent

Select donor blood of same ABO & RhD group

Antibody screen +/- antibody panel, to identify antibody(ies)

Cross match - patient’s serum mixed with chosen donor red cells and if it agglutinates then they are incompatible

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17
Q

Why is every blood donation tested?

A

To ensure that no strong clinically significant red blood cell antibodies are present in the donor’s plasma

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18
Q

After centrifuging a unit of whole blood, what are the three components that are separated and how are these arranged?

A

Top - Plasma

Middle - Platelets

Bottom - Red Cells

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19
Q

What is Prion Disease?

A

Where Prion proteins have been found in membranes of lymphocytes and platelets and the prions of variant CJD are found in lymphoreticular tissues

20
Q

Which molecule is added to the H antigen? (A group)

A

N-acetyl galactosamine

21
Q

Which molecule is added to the H antigen? (B group)

A

Galactose

22
Q

What anti-D antibodies?

A

Synthesized by individuals unable to present RhD antigen, only after they are exposed to the antigen.

23
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

RhD negative mother has anti-D subsequent pregnancies involved RhD positive mothers, results in IgG anti-D antibodies crossing the placenta, attach to positive RhD positive fetal red blood cells, resulting in hemolysis of fetal cells

24
Q

Which is the most useful blood group?

A

Group O negative (RhD negative)- when the patient blood group is not known

25
Q

What is antibody screening?

A

Patient screened to exclude any clinically significant immune antibodies

26
Q

How is blood tested for ABO group?

A

Test with anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Test with anti-D reagent

27
Q

Which groups of donors are excluded from blood donors?

A

Bloodborne diseases (Risk of bacterial, viral or parasitic infections, or drugs)

28
Q

What is prion proteins?

A

Lymphocyte membranes and platelets; prions of variant
CJD diease are found in lymphoreitcular tissues

cjd transmitted by transfusions of blood or blood products in humans, developmentof vCJD

29
Q

How much volume of blood is collected from donor into sterile plastic back?

A

450ml

30
Q

What is added to the blood packets?

A

Anti-coagulant

31
Q

What is present within the blood packets?

A

platelets, red cells, and factor VIII

32
Q

What is component therapy?

A

Transfusing units of red cells, conducted by centrifuing, apply pressure to each layer, separating the relevant blood units

33
Q

What is one blood unit?

A

Whole blood-derived from one single blood donation

34
Q

What is packed with red cells?

A

SAGM (Saline, adenine, glucose, mannitol), fliod plasma removed

35
Q

How long is the shelf-life for red cells? Temp. stored at?

A

5 weeks

4 degrees C

36
Q

Which storage form of plasma is stored at -30degrees c?

A

Fresh frozen plasma

37
Q

What is the volume of fresh frozen plasma?

A

300ml unit

38
Q

What time period is associated with the freezing of plasma upon donation? What is the purpose of the 6 hour time gap? Shelf-life of fresh frozen plasma?

A

6 hours

Preservation of coagulation factors

3 years

39
Q

What action is required before the administration of fresh frozen plasma?

A
40
Q

Why should FFP be frozen immediately?

A

To prevent coagulation factor degeneration at room temperature

41
Q

What is the purpose of FFP?

A

Used as a replacement fluid in plasma exchange as well as supplying clotting factors

42
Q

What is cryoprecipitate?

A

Prepared from plasma, contains fibrinogen, VWF, VIII, XIII, and fibronectin

43
Q

What is the thawing temperature for cryoprecipitate? Shelf-life?

A

4-8 degrees

3 years

44
Q

Why is cryoprecipitate?

A

Fibrinogen low and patients with excessive bleeding

45
Q

What is the platelet concentrates?

A

Pooled platelets

// (13 decks)

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