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FAll 2013 NAP Physiology > Body Fluid Compartments and Osmosis > Flashcards

Body Fluid Compartments and Osmosis Flashcards

1
Q

Osmotic pressure is dependant solely on___________

A

the number of molecules in the solution.

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2
Q

True of False. Osmotic pressure is dependent on the size of the molecules, their mass, and their chemical nature (valence)

A

False. Osmotic pressure is dependant solely on the number of molecules.

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3
Q

Osmotic pressure is measured by __________’s law.

A

van’t Hoff’s law. pi=nCRT

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4
Q

True or False. Osmotic pressure only affects molecules that cannot cross the cell membrane.

A

True. Otherwise the solute would diffuse out to an area of lower concentration. Molecules that cannot cross the membrane exert a ‘pull’ on water molecules. This is called osmotic pressure.

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5
Q

Solutions that do not change the volume of a cell are:______________

A

Isotonic

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6
Q

_____________ solutions cause a cell to swell.

A

Hypotonic

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7
Q

________________ solutions cause a cell to shrink.

A

Hypertonic

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8
Q

What is meant by the term tonicity?

A

The tonicity of a solution is related to the effect of the solution on the volume of a cell.

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9
Q

What is meant by an effective osmole?

A

A solute that is capable of generating an osmotic pressure.

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10
Q

What is an ineffective osmole?

A

A solute that diffuses across the cell membrane by passive or active transport, therby creating an equilibrium and exerting no osmotic force.

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11
Q

For a molecule that can freely cross a membrane, the osmotic pressure (reflection coefficient) is?

A

zero

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12
Q

For a molecule that is completely impermeable to a membrane, the osmotic pressure exerted by that molecule (reflection coefficient or osmotic coefficient) is

A

one This would be considered an effective osmole.

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13
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Oncotic pressure is the osmotic pressure generated by large molecules, especially proteins in solution.

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14
Q

What is the normal oncotic pressure exerted by proteins in humans?

A

26 to 28 mmHg

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15
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Which of these cells compose the human body?

A

eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus. These make up the human body

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16
Q

The nucleus and organelles of a cell are surround by a:_______________

A

plasma membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer.

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17
Q

The fluidity of the plamsa membrane is maintained by the amount of:

A

short chain and unsaturated fatty acids in the lipid bilayer.

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18
Q

The incorporation of ____________ into the lipid bilayer reduces fluidity.

A

cholesterol

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19
Q

Plasma membranes are semipermeable because of a variety of proteins in the lipid bilayer. What 4 forms are these proteins in?

A

ion channels, ligand receptors, adhesion molecules, and cell recognition markers.

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20
Q

Transport across the cell membrane can be active or passive and is dictated by:

A

the membrane compostion, concentration gradient of the solute, and availability of transport proteins.

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21
Q

The typical adult body is __% water

A

60% (42L)

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22
Q

Intracellular fluid accounds for ____ of the total body water. And extracellular fluid accounts for____ of the total body water.

A

2/3rds (28 L); 1/3rd (14L)

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23
Q

The extracellular fluid compartment is composed of ________ and _________.

A

plasma and interstitial fluid (interstitial fluid is fluid bathing the cells outside of the vasculature. Other extracellular fluid is the fluid in bone and connective tissue.

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24
Q

Of the extracellular fluid, ___ is plasma and ___ is interstitial fluid.

A

1/4 is plasma; 3/4 is interstitial.

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25
Q

Obese people have (more or less) total body water than others.

A

Less.

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26
Q

Women have (more or less) total body water compared to men.

A

Less

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27
Q

In extracellular fluid, the plasma and interstitial fluid are separated by the _________ and _________.

A

endothelium and basement membrane of the capillaries.

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28
Q

The intracellular fluid has different solute concentrations than the extracellular fluid, primarily due to the the______________

A

Na+ K+ pump, which maintains an ECF high in Na+ and an ICF high in K+

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29
Q

Define electrochemical gradient.

A

The ion flow across the membrane is responsive to both the electrical charge and the solute gradient. The overall environment is controlled by maintenance of this electrochemical gradient.

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30
Q

The osmolarity (total concentration of solutes) of fluids in the human body is:___________

A

300mosm/L

31
Q

The _______________ pumps, seen on all cell membranes, are instrumental in establishing and maintaining the intracellular and extracellular environments.

A

basolateral sodium ATPase pumps; intracellular Na+ is maintained at low concentration (which drives the Na+ dependent transport intothe cells). compared with the high Na+ in ECF.

32
Q

The extracellular Na+ is balanced by______, _______, and _________.

A

chloride, bicarbonate anions, and anionic proteins.

33
Q

__________ remain in the vascular space and cannot pass through capillary membranes.

A

Proteins

34
Q

The high extracellular Na+ drives:_________________________

A

Na+ leakage into the cells

35
Q

The primary intracellular cation is:_____ and is balanced by what anions?

A

K+; balanced by phosphates, proteins, and small amounts of miscellaneous anions.

36
Q

Because of the high concentration gradients of __, ___, and ____, there is passive leakage of these ions down their gradients.

A

K+, Na+, Cl-

37
Q

The leakage of __ out of the cell through specific channels is the key factor contributing to the resting membrane potential.

A

K+

38
Q

Membranes are ________, meaning they allow some, but not all molecules to pass through.

A

semipermeable; membranes of tissues vary in their permeability to specific solutes.

39
Q

On either side of the cell membrane are factors that oppose and facilitate movement of water and solutes out of the compartments. These factors are:

A

_concentrations of specific solut_es ( higher concentration of a solute on one side of the membrane will favor movement of that solute to the other by diffusion); overall concentration of solutes (higher osmolarity on one side provides osmotic pressure ‘pulling’ water into that space (diffusion of water)); concentration of proteins (because the membrane is impermeable to proteins, protein concentration establishes an oncotic pressure pulling water into the space with higher concentration; hydrostatic pressure (the force pushng water into the space with higher concentration.

40
Q

If a membrane is permeable to a solute, _________ of the solute will occur down the concentration gradient.

A

diffusion

41
Q

If a membrane is NOT permeable to a solute, the ________ will be pulled across the membrane towared the compartment with higher solute concentration until the concentration reaches equilibrium across the membrane.

A

solvent

42
Q

The movement of water across the membrane by diffusion is termed:__________

A

osmosis

43
Q

______________ determines whether diffusion of solute or osmosis occurs.

A

permeability of the membrane.

44
Q

In osmosis, the ____________ will determine how much water will move through the membrane to achieve osmolar equilibration between ICF and ECF.

A

concentration of the impermeable solute.

45
Q

Extracellular fluid is made up of _______ and _________.

A

plasma and interstitial fluid.

46
Q

Osmosis occurs when _________ is present.

A

osmotic pressure.

47
Q

__________________ is equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure necessary to prevent movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane by osmosis.

A

Osmotic pressure. In essence, osmotic pressure has to be high enough to overcome hydrostatic pressure.

48
Q

The amount of water stored in a human body depends greatly on the ___ of the human.

A

Age. Children and infants have much more water as percentage of total body weight than elderly people.

49
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure.

A

The pressure exerted by a fluid due to the force of gravity. The force that wants to keep the water level equal. Osmotic pressure has to overcome hydrostatic pressure to force water up against it and force the water level up the tube.

50
Q

The basolateral Na+/K+ ATPases, are more generally know as:

A

The Na+ K+ pumps

51
Q

The basolateral Na+K+ ATPases maintain intracellular and extracellular balances by pumping _______ Na+ ____ of the cell and ___ K+____ the cell using ____.

A

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in, using ATP

52
Q

Plamsa concentrations of electrolytes and interstitial concentrations of electrolytes are nearly identical except for the lack of ________ in the interstitial compartment.

A

Proteins

53
Q

The ________ membrane separates the plama compartment from the interstitial compartment.

A

Capillary membranes.

54
Q

The ________separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid (both plasma and interstitial).

A

Cell membranes.

55
Q

The primary cation in extracellular fluid (both plasma and interstitial) is_______.

A

Na+

56
Q

The primary anion in the extracellular fluid (both plasma and interstitial fluid) is: ___________

A

Cl- and to a lesser extent bicarbonate HCO3-

57
Q

What are Starling forces?

A

Starling forces are the pressures that control fluid movement across the capillary wall.

58
Q

Net movement of water out of the capillaries is: _________

A

filtration

59
Q

Net movement of water into the capillaries is: ________________

A

absorption.

60
Q

The primary intracellular cation is:

A

K+ a very small amount of Na+ exists inside the cell.

61
Q

The primary intracellular anions are:

A

Miscellaneous phosphates and proteins. (very small amounts of bicarbonate HCO3- and Cl-

62
Q

The four forces controlling fluid movement (Starling’s forces) are:

A
  1. capillary hydrostatic pressure HPc; 2. capillary oncotic pressure pi-c, 3. interstitial hydrostatic pressure Pi, and 4. interstitial oncotic pressure pi-i.
63
Q

The capillary hydrostatic pressure favors movement ___ (into or out of) the capillaries. It is dependent on both_____ and ____ generated by the heart.

A

favors movement out of the capillaries. It is dependent on both the arterial and venous bood pressures.

64
Q

The capillary oncotic pressure ______ (opposes or favors) movement of fluid out of the capillaries and is dependent on the ________ concentration of the blood.

A

Oncotic pressure opposes movement of fluid out of the capillaries. It depends on the protein concentration of the blood.

65
Q

The interstitial hydrostatic pressure ______(favors or opposes) movement out of the capillaries.

A

it opposes filtration out of the capillaries, but normally this pressure is low.

66
Q

The interstitial oncotic pressure _____ (favors or opposes) fluid movement out of the capillaries.

A

favors, but under normal conditions there is little loss of protein out of the capillaries and this value is near zero.

67
Q

Net filtration can by calculated by using the ________ equation.

A

Starling

68
Q

In simple terms the Starling equation can be described as:

A

net filtration= pressures favoring filtration - pressures favoring absorption.

69
Q

In the blood vessels (as opposed to a tube) two forces create hydrostatic pressure. They are:

A

gravity, and the pumping of the heart.

70
Q

In blood vessels, the osmotic pressure is measured as:___________________

A

The force needed to oppose the hydrostatic pressure.

71
Q

Osmotic pressure works toward ___________ of solute concentrations on either side of the membrane.

A

equalizaton

72
Q

Oncotic pressure in the plamsa can be described as:_____________________

A

the osmotic pressure produced by impermeable proteins. In the plasma oncotic pressure is considered the effective osmotic pressure of the capillary.

73
Q
A

FAll 2013 NAP Physiology (2 decks)

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