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body systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 skin layers

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer

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2
Q

what is the epidermis made up of and its function

A

epithelial tissue
deposit keratin which acts as a waterproof barrier.

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3
Q

where do we find the older skin cells

A

at the top

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4
Q

what is the dermis made up of (6) and its function

A

connecting tissue
fibroblast cells which make collagen and elastin.
blood vessels
nerve endings
hair follicles
sebaceous glands
papillary muscles
collagen gives skin rigidity
elastin gives skin elasticity

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5
Q

what do the sebaceous glands do

A

commonly open up into a hair follicle and produce sebum which moisturises skin and hair

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6
Q

what is the subcutaneous layer made up of and its function

A

adipose tissue
area of formation and storage of fat via adipocytes

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat glands

A

eccrine - secrete water and salts, regulates body temperature
apocrine (genital area) - secretes water, salts, urea and fats which bacteria break down, creating smelly waste products

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8
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue (5)

A

protection
reduce heat loss
store energy
support organs
padding around joints

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9
Q

what are the skin functions (7)

A

protection
regulate body temperature
absorption
sensation
secretion
excretion
vitamin D production

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10
Q

how is body temperature regulated (receptors, control centre, effectors)

A

receptor - thermoreceptors in the skin
control centre - hypothalamus
effectors - hairs on skin
blood vessels
sweat glands

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11
Q

how does body temperature regulation differ in babies from adults (4)

A

hypothalamus not fully developed
don’t shiver properly
higher critical temperature
adipose tissue around the back area well supplied with blood

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12
Q

how does body temperature regulation differ in elderly from adults (3)

A

vasoconstriction doesn’t occur = greater heat loss
shivering response breaks down
slower metabolism rate

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13
Q

what is a wound

A

a break in the skin normally reaching as far as the dermis

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14
Q

what can tissue damage lead to (3)

A

cells dying
risk of infection
bleeding

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15
Q

what are the classifications of wounds (3)

A

superficial - epidermis
partial thickness - epidermis and dermis
full-thickness - all skin layers and bone

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16
Q

what are the would healing stages (3)

A

inflammatory stage - increased blood supply to area
proliferative stage - increased cell production
remodelling stage - scar/scab diminishes

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17
Q

what is inflammation and the symptoms (5)

A

non-specific response to damage in the body or infection, triggering a series of chemical and biological responses
redness (increased blood flow and vasodilation)
heat (increased blood flow and vasodilation)
oedema/swelling
pain
loss of function (tissue necrosis)

18
Q

what happens in the inflammatory stage (4)

A

blood clotting - stops bleeding
debris removal - by neutrophils
clot tailoring - to prevent blocking vessels
tissue repair - dead skin cells replaced with new

19
Q

what happens in the proliferation stage (4)

A

replace damaged tissue - collagen dissolved repaired and replaced
replace epithelial cells in epidermis
replace connective tissue - replace and make collagen fibres
replace blood cells (angiogenesis)

20
Q

what happens in the remodelling stage (2)

A

after 21 days - 2 years after injury
oxygen-rich cells arrive to create new tissue
chemical signals tell cells to create collagen tissue to act as a type of ‘scaffolding’

21
Q

what happens if there is too much collagen

A

too much collagen = scarred appearance (keloid)
therefore the knit of the wound has to be tailored

22
Q

what factors affect wound healing (8)

A

reduced/poor blood supply
age
diabetes
high blood pressure
obesity
vascular disease
smoking
nutritional status

23
Q

how does age affect wound healing (4)

A

as we get older epidermis thins
collagen and elastin are broken down
fibroblasts cease to grow
the subcutaneous layer is thinner

24
Q

how does both UV light and aging affect wound healing (3)

A

UV light damages dermal layer destroying collagen and elastin
epidermis is destroyed damaging DNA in cells
melanin production is stimulated

25
Q

what are examples of skin conditions (3)

A

acne
vitiligo - loss of pigmentation
erythema - skin redness, often rash

26
Q

what are examples of skin infections (2)

A

impetigo - bacterial infection
ringworm/athletes foot - fungal infection

27
Q

what are examples of allergy responses (3)

A

eczema - dry itchy cracked skin
dermatitis - type of eczema, often causing swelling
psoriasis - red crusty patched with silvery scales

28
Q

what are th 3 types of neurons

A

sensory
inter/relay
motor

29
Q

what are inter/relay neurons

A

neither sensory or motor making interconnections with other neurons and are found in the CNS

30
Q

what are nerve impulses

A

flow of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane running across neurons.
this movement is called action potential

31
Q

what is the synapse

A

the gap between two neurons between the axon terminal of one and the dendrite of another.
they must be able to initiate nerve impulses in the next neuron

32
Q

what are synaptic vesicles

A

found in the axon terminal containing neurotransmitters which are released into the gap when stimulated by a nerve impulse

33
Q

what happens when a neurotransmitter is released (2)

A

it binds with receptor proteins on the dendrite triggering nerve impulses in the next neuron.
they are then broken down and abosrobed in the axon terminal for reuse

34
Q

what is acetylocholine

A

the most common type of neurotransmitter found in the PNS and CNS.
Alzheimer’s is characterised by the loss of acetylcholine

35
Q

what happens with motor neurons

A

they terminate at the muscle, then acetylcholine is released from the synaptic vesicles of the axon terminal and trigger the contraction process in the muscle.

36
Q

What systems make up the nervous system (4)

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral NS - SNS and ANS
Somatic NS - sensory and motor nerves
Autonomic NS - sympathetic (fight or flight)
and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
ANS maintains homeostasis

37
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata (2)

A

regulate ANS
involuntary regulation (heart rate, breathing digestion)

38
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum (3)

A

coordination and balance
mediate ‘how to do something’
procedural memory

39
Q

what is the function of the corpus callosum

A

integrate information between the two brain hemispheres

40
Q

what is the function of the limbic system and what makes it up (4)

A

fundamental cognitive and emotional functions. it regulates involuntary responses by communicating with the ANS
Hypothalamus - regulate temperature
Amygdala - process emotion
Thalamus - consciousness and pain
Hippocampus - memory storage, formation and organisation

41
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum (4)

A

visual centre
auditory centre
sense of touch
motor response
visual association and object recognition
divided into lobes for each sense and motor movement located close to the sensory area involved in processing information

college (8 decks)

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