Body Systems Exam 2

Question 1

The 3 types of muscles

Answer 1

Skeletal-Striated and voluntary. Controls all movement of your body
Smooth-involuntary. Form muscle layers found in the walls of the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and other internal organs.
Cardiac-Striated and involuntary. Make up the walls of the heart. Helps the heart to rhythmically contract and pump blood through the body

Question 2

Types of joints and examples

Answer 2

Fixed- you cant move them. Ex. The bones in the skull
Semimovable- limited movement. Ex. Bones of the vertebrae column
Movable- have a wide range of movements. These include hinge(ex elbow), ball and socket(ex shoulder), pivot(ex top two vertebrae in spine), saddle(base of each thumb), gliding(joints between bones of foot)

Question 3

5 functions of the skeleton system

Answer 3

1. Provide framework for the body to be built on
2. Give shape and structure to body
3. Protect internal organs
4. Bones store mineral which play a role in the metabolic process
5. In the Inside of bones red blood cells are produced as well as some white cells

Question 4

4 functions if the skin

Answer 4

1. To protect body from the outside world
2. Keratin gives skin texture and its water proof quality
3. Determines skin colour with protein called melanin
4. Dermis allows you to have senses
   5.(extra ex) dermis has specialized structures, sensory neurons, blood vessels, muscle fibers, hair follicles and glands.

Question 5

2 types of bone marrow and purpose.

Answer 5

Red- found in spongy bone, ends of long bones, ribs, vertebrae, sternum and pelvis. It produces red blood cells and some white.
Yellow- fills the shafts of long bone. Its mostly fat cells and serves as an energy reserve. Can be turned into red bone marrow to produce blood cells when severe blood loss occurs

Question 6

How do your muscles contract

Answer 6

When a nerve stimulates muscles to contract, the ends of myosin heads attach to the beads of actin filaments. The myosin heads bend inward, pulling the actin with them. The myosin then let go, bend back to their original position, and pull again. The myosin detach using an energy called ATP. Without ATP the myosin heads would remain stuck to the actin and the muscle would be permanently contracted.

Question 7

What is the epidermis

Answer 7

The epidermis is the outside layer of skin. It contains the proteins keratin(determines skins texture and water proof quality) and melanin(determines skin colour)

Question 8

What is the dermis?

Answer 8

The dermis is the inside layer of skin. It has many specialized structures such as sensory neurons, blood vessels, muscle fibers, hair follicles, and sweat and oil glands.

Question 9

What are the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Answer 9

They are the two parts of the skeleton.
Axial- includes the bones of the skull, ribs, spine, and sternum
Appendicular- include the bones of the arms and legs, the scapula, clavicle and pelvis

Question 10

What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Answer 10

They are cells inside your bones.
Osteoclasts- break down old bones
Osteoblasts- lay down new bone tissue

Question 11

Arthritis

Answer 11

An inflammation of the joints causing pain, stiffness, aching, and limited range of motion.

Question 12

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 12

Develops when the immune system begins to attack body tissues. The joints become inflamed, swollen, stiff, and deformed

Question 13

Osteoarthritis

Answer 13

A degenerative joint disease in which cartilage covering the surface of bones become thinner and rougher. Bones rub against each other causing discomfort. This usually happens because of old age.

Question 14

What is a sprain and strain?

Answer 14

A sprain is a joint injury or trauma that tears ligaments. It causes pain,swelling, tenderness, and the inability to move the joint. Heal with rest and ice

A strain is the overuse of a muscle and or tendon. Muscles in the back, arms, and legs are prone to strains. Causes pain, swelling and limited movement. Heal with rest, ice, compression, and elevation. RICE

Question 15

Type of fractures

Answer 15

Open-is a break with and open wound
Closed-break with a closed wound
Simple-doesnt move any part of the bone out of place
Complex-separation of part of the bone

Question 16

Other fractures

Answer 16

Colles’-A break of the lower end of the radius in the arm
Impacted-when a fragment of one part of the fracture is driven into the tissue of another part
Compression-a break in one or more vertebrae caused by a compressing or squeezing of the space between the vertebrae
Spiral-when a bone is broken by a twisting force

Question 17

What is your flexor and extensor?

Answer 17

The bicep is the flexor and the tricep is the extensor

Question 18

What is a sacromere

Answer 18

The functional unit if the muscle contraction. It contains myosin and actin filaments

Question 19

Periosteum

Answer 19

The tough membrane the covers the bone surface

Question 20

Compact bone

Answer 20

Under the periosteum is the compact bone. It is a thick layer that enables the shaft of the long bone to endure large amounts of stress upon impacts with a solid object

Question 21

Spongy bone

Answer 21

Inside the compact bone is a network of connective tissue called spongy bone. Although it’s name suggest that it is soft, this tissue is hard and strong. It has a lattice work structure that consists of bony spikes. It is arranged along of pressure or stress making bones both light and strong

Question 22

Ossification

Answer 22

The process by which cartilage slowly hardens into bone as a result of the deposition of minerals

Question 23

Ligaments

Answer 23

Tough bands of connective tissue, that holds the bones of the joints in place

Question 24

Origin

Answer 24

The point where the muscle attaches to the stationary bone

Question 25

Insertion

Answer 25

The point where the muscle attaches to the moving bone

Question 26

Tendon

Answer 26

A connective tissue that attaches muscles to the outer membrane of the bone