Body Systems Exam 3

Question 1

Parts of the neuron

Answer 1

Nucleus, cell body, dendrites, shwann cells, nodes of ranvier, synaptic cleft, axon, axon terminals

Question 2

Parts of reflex arc

Answer 2

Spinal cord, motor neurons, ventral root, dorsal root, inhibitory interneuron, sensory receptor neuron

Question 3

Pathway of reflex arc

Answer 3

When a reflex happens, the spinal cord is sent an impulse which activates the motor neuron that leads back to the muscle causing it to contract. The impulse also activates interneuron and has a calming effect on motor neuron. The contraction and calming effect cause is what extends the muscle

Question 4

Purpose of reflex arc

Answer 4

To maintain homeostasis through unconscious response to keep you safe

Question 5

Edocrine glands

Answer 5

Pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testies

Question 6

Functions of endocrine glands

Answer 6

Pineal- regulates sleep cycle and releases hormone melatonin

Pituitary- signals other glands. Produces growth hormones. Starts puberty

Thyroid- produces thyroxine which regulates metabolism and causes bone growth

Parathyroid- secrete parathyroid hormone which helps bone growth. Remove calcium from bones and put it back in the blood

Thymus- develop t-cells

Adrenal- produce adrenaline. Stimulate fight or flight. Heart rate, breathing rate and blood sugar levels all go up

Pancreas- regulate blood sugar levels-> insulin-> stores glucose in cells, glucogon-> converts glucogen back to glucose in blood

Ovaries- produce hormones estrogen and progesterone

Testies- produce hormone testosterone

Question 7

3 neurons and functions

Answer 7

Sensory: send signals to spinal cord during reflexes

Motor- control the movement of skeletal muscles

Interneurons- connect sensory and motor neurons and transfer signals between them

Question 8

Nervous system tree

Answer 8

Nervous system goes into central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. From CNS it goes to the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system goes to sensory and motor division. Sensory division deals with the 5 sense organs. The motor attaches to muscles or organs. It divides to autonomic and somatic NS. autonomic is involuntary, somatic is voluntary. Autonomic divides to sympathetic(stress) and parasympathetic(rest) division (fight of flight)

Question 9

Synapse

Answer 9

The places where the neurons connect and communicate with each other

Question 10

Mylelin

Answer 10

Some neurons are covered in a myelin sheath which speeds up impulses because it can jump from on node to the next by the nodes of ranvier

Question 11

Resting potential

Answer 11

Neurons have more sodium ions on the outside of the membrane which makes the inside negative and the outside positive

Question 12

Action potential

Answer 12

When stimulated sodium channels in the membrane allowing them to move inside the membrane and allow potassium ions to go outside. This movement of ions causes the inside to become positively charged and the outside negatively charged

Question 13

Concussion

Answer 13

An injury to the brain caused by an impact with an object

Question 14

Coma

Answer 14

A severe concussion can lead to a coma. This is abnormally deep sleep with little to no response to stimuli

Question 15

Cerebral palsy

Answer 15

Caused by cerebral damage during gestation or birth which results in lack of motor cordination

Question 16

Alzheimers

Answer 16

A progressive degeneration of neurons in the brain.

Question 17

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 17

A degenerative disease of motor neurons leading to loss of muscle control and eventually death

Question 18

Parkinsons

Answer 18

A degeneration of nerves in the brain causing tremors, muscle weakness and difficulty walking

Question 19

Epilepsy

Answer 19

A chronic recurrent seizure activity caused by abnormal conditions in the brain that trigger sudden excessive electrical activity

Question 20

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 20

Destroys the myelin sheath and causes muscle weakness, unsteady, walking paresthesia, extreme fatigue, and some paralysis.

Question 21

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 21

A disease causing muscle weakness. An overproduction of antibodies prevents Neuro transmitters from sending proper nerve impulses to the skeletal muscles.

Question 22

Tourette’s

Answer 22

A neurological disorder that causes a client to make sounds and twitch uncontrollably

Question 23

Encephalitis

Answer 23

An inflammation of the brain that results from a viral infection, or from a spread of an infection to the brain

Question 24

Meningitis

Answer 24

An inflammation of the meninges. When caused by bacteria, it’s called bacterial meningitis and involves symptoms such as fever, headaches, and stiff neck when when caused by viruses it’s called viral meningitis, and has the same symptoms as bacterial meningitis, but cannot be treated with antibiotics

Question 25

Guillain barre

Answer 25

Occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. It comes on quickly, causing weakness, and progressing to difficulty breathing or paralysis.

Question 26

Hemiplegia

Answer 26

Paralysis on one side of the body, usually the result of a stroke

Question 27

Paraplegia

Answer 27

Paralysis from the waist down, often caused by a motorcycle or car accident, fall, gun shot or stabbed wound, or sports injury

Question 28

Quadriplegia

Answer 28

Paralysis from the neck down, usually the result of an injury below the fourth cervical vertebrae. Client may have some use of the upper arms, depending on the location of the injury.

Question 29

What does immunity mean?

Answer 29

Immunity is the inborn ability to fight diseases

Question 30

Structures that fight disease

Answer 30

T cells – control how your immune system response to unwelcome substances from outside and inside your body and prevent your body from attacking. It’s on cells

B cells– manufacture antibodies. involved with the humoral immune response

Macrophage – a large white cell that eats up all sorts of debris and tissues, add in the bloodstream, and alarm certain T cells to the presence of antigens

Question 31

Structures that prevent diseases

Answer 31

Skin – forms of wall against intruders and alerts white blood cells if the wall is breach by invading organisms, such as the through a wound

Others include mucus, cilia and enzymes from your tears

Question 32

The difference between antigens and antibodies

Answer 32

Antigens – substances, foreign to the body, examples, fungi, viruses, bacteria

Antibodies – proteins the plasma cells produce. they inactivate pathogens or trigger its destruction

Question 33

Interleukins

Answer 33

Interleukin one – involved in inflammation or it’s control

Interleukin to stimulate helper, T cells, and other T cells to rapidly divide

Question 34

Allergy

Answer 34

An inappropriate reaction to a harmless substance

Question 35

HIV and aids?

Answer 35

Aids are caused by HIV and HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus . Aids is the last stage of HIV. However, death is usually from opportunistic infection or cancer. You are said to have aids when T cells drop below 200 ML. Aids, target, helper, T cells, and destroy them, which causes them to decline. The most common means of HIV transmission a sexual intercourse with someone with HIV.

Question 36

Vaccines

Answer 36

Vaccines produce immunity because they contain a weak or dead form of a virus that stimulates the production of antibodies, resulting in the production of memory cells that can fight the pathogen and its disease causing form

Question 37

Gigantism, dwarfism

Answer 37

Gigantism is caused by high levels of growth hormone in the body

Dwarfism is caused by not enough growth, hormone being produced