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MSK > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

List 6 functions of bone

A
  • Determines body shape
  • Transmits body weight
  • Protects vital organs
  • Raises body against gravity
  • Movement
  • Stores minerals and bone marrow
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2
Q

What is an example of a long bone?

A

Femur

Humerus

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3
Q

What is an example of a short bone?

A

Carpal bones

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4
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

Skull, scapula

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5
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

Vertebrae

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6
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Bones enclosed in tendon and muscle

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7
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

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8
Q

What is the macrostructure of bone?

A
  • Cortical (compact) bone

- Trabecular (spongy) bone

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9
Q

What is the microstructure of bone?

A
  • Woven

- Lamellar

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10
Q

What is the difference between woven and lamellar bone?

A

Woven bone is disorganised and quickly made.

It is replaced by lamellar bone (organised layers)

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11
Q

What is the difference between cortical and trabecular bone?

A

Cortical bone - only space for cells/ blood vessels

Trabecular bone - network filled w/ bone marrow

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12
Q

How are bones formed? (2)

A

Intramembanous ossification

Endochondral ossification

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13
Q

What is intramembranous ossification? (2)

A

Mesenchymal stem cells form model

Bone forms w/in connective tissue

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14
Q

What are examples of bones formed from intramembranous ossification? (4)

A

Skull
Clavicle
Mandible
Teeth

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15
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Bone formed from a cartilage model

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16
Q

Example of bones formed from endochondral ossification?

A

Most bones eg long bones

17
Q

What do osteoblasts do? (4)

A

Produce osteoid (unmineralised bone)
Secrete t1 collagen into matrix
Mineralise EXTM - deposit Ca2+ and phosphate
Regulate osteoclast activity

18
Q

Why won’t osteoclasts work when isolated?

A

They’re regulated by osteoblasts via RANK-ligand interaction

19
Q

What inhibits the activation of osteoclasts?

A

OPG (secreted by osteoblasts) inhibits RANK-ligand activity

20
Q

What do osteoclasts do? (2)

A

Dissolve mineralised matrix

Break down collagen

21
Q

What gives rise to osteoclasts?

A

Monocytes - differentiation stimulated by RANK-ligand interaction

22
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Osteoblasts that have been surrounded by EXCM

23
Q

Which cells have more ER - osteoblasts or osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts - more active

24
Q

What are the steps of bone remodelling? (4)

A
  1. Resorption (osteoclasts via HCl and cathepsin K)
  2. Reversal phase (osteoblasts)
  3. Formation (osteoblasts)
  4. Resting phase
25
Q

When would remodelling occur? (3)

A
  • Woven –> lamellar bone
  • Repair damage
  • Response to loading
26
Q

What is osteoporosis? (3)

A

Normal mineralisation
Reduced bone mass
DEXA score < -2.5

27
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Poor mineralisation (caused by vit D deficiency)

28
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Reduced collagen levels (bone is v rigid + brittle)

Genetic

29
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Bones are weaker than normal but not so far gone that they break easily
DEXA score between -1 and -2.5

30
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Genetic condition where bones aren’t repaired properly

31
Q

What’s the difference between osteomalacia and rickets?

A

Vit D deficiency in children –> rickets

Vit D deficiency in adults –> osteomalacia

32
Q

Describe the structure of collagen

A

3 collagen molecules –> tropocollagen – > collagen fibril

33
Q

What holds collagen molecules together?

A

Hydroxyproline holds 3 collagen molecules

34
Q

Where are collagen molecules found?

A

In the cell

35
Q

Where are tropocollagen molecules found?

A

Outside the cell

36
Q

Up until what age does bone mass increase?

A

30yo

37
Q

What is the rate of bone mass decrease after age 30?

A

Decrease in 1% per year (faster in post-menopausal women)

38
Q

Strain =

A

dL/L (in mm!!)
(dL - deformation)
(L - length of bone)

MSK (2 decks)

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