Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine > Bone Health > Flashcards

Bone Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human skeletal composed of.

A

20% trabecular bone (porous)

80% cortical bone (dense)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What encourages bone mass

A

body weight
sex hormones
diet
exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which causes bone loss

A 
sex hormone deficiency
bodyweight
genetics
immobility
diseases
drugs (steroids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

progressive systemic skeletal disease characterised by low bone mass and deteriotation of bone tissue with a consequence increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are risk factors for a fracturw

A 
previous fragility fractures
current or past use of glucocorticoids
history of falls
family history of hip fracture
secondary cause of osteoporosis
low BMI
smoker
alcohol intake more than four units per day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What group of people are hip fractures most common in

A

women over 75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does a colles fracture make you more at risk of

A

a double hip fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give some secondary causes of osteoporosis

A

endocrine- hyperthyroidism, cushings, hyperparathyroidism
Coeliac, IBD, chronic liver disease, chronic pancreatitis
Repiritory eg CF, COPD
Chronic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What direct effects do corticosteroids have on bone

A

reduction of osteoblast activity and lifespan
suppression of replication of osteoblast precursors
reduction in calcium absoption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the indirect effects of corticosteroids on bone

A

inhibition of gonadal and adrenal steroid production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most widely used method of measuring bone mineral density

A

DEXA scans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the T score

A

relates to young adult female population mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the z score

A

relate to age matched female population mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a normal BMD

A

BMD within 1 SD of the young adult reference mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is osteopenia

A

more than 1 SD below the young adult mean but less than 2.4 SD below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

BMD is more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean

17
Q

What is severe osteoporosis

A

BMD more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean with fragility fracture

18
Q

When is only the z score reported

A

if younger than 20

19
Q

What lifestyle advice is given to manage osteoporosi

A

high intensity strength trainging
low impact weight bearing exercise
avoid excess alcohol
stop smoking

20
Q

What is the recommened calcium intake per day

A

700mg

21
Q

What is the recommended calcium intake for postmenopausal women

A

1000mg

22
Q

When shoule osteoporosis be treated emdically

A

consider id T score less than or equal to -2.5

if on steroid- consider treatment with T score less than -1.5

23
Q

WHat drug treatment id available

A 
calcium and vit D supplements
bisphosphonates
denosumab
teriparatide
strontium ranelate
HRT
SERMS
testosterone
24
Q

What should vitament D be supplemented

A

those older than 65

25
Q

What are bisphosphonates

A

antiresorptive agents - alendronate and risedronate
prevent bone loss at vunerable sites
reduce risk of hip and spine fracture

26
Q

How do bisphosphonates work

A

they are analogues of pyrophosphate which absorb onto bone within the matrix
the induce osteoclast cell death prevent bone resoption
resorption sites filled with new bone – increases BMD

27
Q

what are the long term concerns of bisphosphonate use

A

osteonecrosis of the jaw
oesophageal carcinoma
atypical fractures

28
Q

What denosumab

A

monoclonal antibody

prevents activation or RANK, ihobotitn activitiy of osteoclast and decreasing resorption of bone

29
Q

what are the side effects of denosumab

A

hypocalcaemia
ecxema
cellultis

30
Q

What is the 3rd line treatment

A

strontium ranelate

31
Q

What are the contraindications of strontium

A

thromboembolic disease
IHD
peripheral arterial disease
hypertension (uncontrolled)

32
Q

What is teriparatide

A

recombinant parathyroid hormone

stimulates one growth rather than reduceing bone loss

33
Q

when is terparatide indicated

A

VERY severe osteoporosis

or as 4th line treatment if intolerant to other agents

34
Q

how long is the treatment

A

24 months

35
Q

what is vertebroblasty

A

treatment for painful vertebral fractures

bone sement is injected into vertebral body

Endocrine (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions