Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 238 > Bones Part 2 > Flashcards

Bones Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage growth during early embryonic development

A

Interstitial and appositional growth

Makes a cartilage template

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

As cartilage matures…

A

It becomes semi-rigid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fully matured cartilage…

A

Doesn’t grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous growth

A

Interstitial and appositional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interstitial growth (cartilage)

A

Occurs within the internal regions of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 steps of interstitial growth

A
  1. Chondrocyte divides into 2 chondroblasts
  2. Chondroblasts secrete matrix and are gradually pushed apart
  3. Each cell becomes a chondrocyte within its own lacuna
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Appositional growth (cartilage)

A

Occurs on the cartilage’s edge (under perichondrium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 steps of appositional growth

A
  1. Stem cells within perichondrium divide producing chondroblasts
  2. New chondroblasts start producing matrix adding a layer to the old cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ossification

A

the formation and development of bone tissue

also called osteogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the two processes of bone formation

A

intramembrane ossification and endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When is intramembranous ossification used

A

to make flat bones or healing bone fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. some mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
  2. osteoblasts secrete bone matrix. Trapped cells become osteocytes.
  3. woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
  4. lamaller bone develops: compact and spongy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

woven bone

A

also known as primary bone

newly formed bone connective tissue is immature and not well organized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lamellar bone

A

layered bone, secondary bone that replaces woven bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

uses hyaline cartilage model in order to produce most bones of the skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. 8-12 weeks the fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
  2. outer stem cells transform into osteoblasts and periosteum develops. Cartilage tissue breaks down.
  3. Blood vessels and osteoblasts penetrate the cartilage and establish the primary ossification center
  4. around birth the secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis
  5. during childhood and puberty bone replaces cartilage, except the joint and epiphyseal plate
  6. between 10-25 yrs epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the types of bone growth

A

interstitial and appositional

18
Q

what type of growth is used to heal a broken bone

A

interstitial growth

19
Q

what is interstitial bone growth

A

bone growth in length from the inside

gradually replaces growing cartilage with bone withing the epiphyseal plate

20
Q

what is appositional bone growth

A

bone growth in diameter

adding layers to the edge from the periosteum

21
Q

Zone 1: zone of resting cartilage

A

composed of chondroblasts distributed through cartilage matrix (top of epiphysis)

22
Q

Zone 2: zone of proliferating cartilage

A

composed of rapidly dividing chondrocytes forming columns of flattened lacunae

23
Q

Zone 3: zone of hypertrophic cartilage

A

cells enlarge and reabsorb some matrix around them

24
Q

Zone 4: zone of calcified cartilage

A

matrix becomes calcified and causes cells to die

25
Q

Zone 5: zone of ossification

A

spaces are invaded by capillaries and osteoblasts–> produce bone
(closest to the diaphysis)

26
Q

what 2 processes are involved in appositional bone growth

A

bone deposited by osteoblasts

bone reabsorbed by osteoclasts

27
Q

bone remodeling

A

continuous process of bone deposition and resorption that depends on coordinated activities of osteoblasts, -clasts, and -cytes

28
Q

how does mechanical stress affect bone remodeling

A
  1. osteocytes detect mechanical stress
  2. osteoblasts are signaled to increase strength of osteoid
  3. bone strength increases
29
Q

what 2 things affect bone remodeling

A

hormones and mechanical stress to the bone

30
Q

what hormones are released in response to low blood calcium

A

parathyroid hormone and calcitrol

31
Q

how does these hormones increase blood calcium

A

increase calcium release from bone, increase its uptake in sin, and increase its retention by kidneys

32
Q

what hormone is released in response to high blood calcium

A

calcitonin

33
Q

how does this hormone decrease blood calcium

A

it increases calcium deposition in bones, decreases its uptake in the sin, and increases its removal by the kidneys

34
Q

growth hormone’s effect on the skeleton

A

increase chondroblast activity in epiphyseal plate –> increases bone growth

35
Q

sex hormone effect on the skeleton

A

increase osteoblast and chondroblast activity –> increase bone growth

36
Q

calcitonin effect on the skeleton

A

decrease osteoclast activity –> increase calcium deposition to the bone

37
Q

parathyroid hormone effect on the skeleton

A

increase osteoclast activity –> increase calcium release into the blood

38
Q

what two effects does aging have on bones

A
  1. reduced rate of collagen synthesis by osteoblasts –> bones more brittle and fracturable
  2. loss of calcium and minerals –> bones thinner and weaker (osteopenia)
39
Q

what causes osteoporosis

A

reduced hormone production with age which causes bone mass to decrease

40
Q

steps of bone fracture repair

A
  1. blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and clots
  2. blood vessels start to regenerate
  3. fibroblasts and chondroblasts form a callous of cartilage and fibrous tissue
  4. osteoblasts start making woven bone –> forms a bony callus
  5. the bone is remodeled –> excess bony material removed and compact bone replaces woven bone

BIO 238 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions