Booklet 4 1861-1870 After Unity Flashcards
1
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
The French and Austrians
A
- French: French troops were still in rome and Napoleon III wouldn’t withdraw them. In 1864, Napoleon agreed to evacuate Rome if the capital was switched from Turin to Florence. The government agreed and there were revolts causing 23 to die in Turin.
- Austria: they had lost Lombardy but wouldn’t loose Venetia. The great powers also supported Austria to maintain the balance of power in Europe. Cavour tried to encourage Hungarian Revolutionary leaders to start an uprising but this never worked. Austrias position was weakened by the increased power of Prussia who made a free trade treaty with France but not Austria
- both: both the French and Austrians maintained their control over parts of Italy. They were diplomatically and militarily more powerful then the Italians
2
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
The death of Cavour and political weakness
A
- Cavour died in 1861 from malaria
- 5 prime ministers took over after; Ricasoli, Rattazzi, Farini, Minghetti, La Marmora in a 5 year period.
- neither Ricasoli or Rattazzi objected to garibaldis agitation over Rome.
- in 1862, garibaldi set up the society for the emancipation of Rome and attempted to attack Rome.
- Rattazzi was forced to stop him with troops as to not upset the French
- Mazzini believed Italy was a sham •parliament had become unrepresentative of the masses as it was made up of Piedmontese nobility and education middle class.
- 443 members of parliament were elected out of the 150,000 votes and king Ferdinand became the first king of Italy but called himself Victor Emmanuel II
3
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
The papacy
A
- the popes temporal power had also been largely destroyed by the Risorgimento and Cavour hoped the pope would give up Rome in return for church freedom of action, the church ignored this and so began a period of a uneasy relationship between the church and state.
- the response of the papacy to the threat of the creation of the new Italian states was to created the syllabus of errors(1864). This said that the Catholic Church held all power and it criticised liberalism, socialism, nationalism and communism.
- Cavour began to be an attack on church property. This led to the church increase taxation to the state and in 1866 demanded that the church hand over property. The church was loosing its temporal power, so turned its attention more heavily to the spiritual role.
- in 1869 the Vatican council met and agreed to the dogma of papal infallibility which meant the popes statements were indisputable and marked the spiritual supremacy of the pope
- the pope declared himself a prisoner of the Vatican City, 97% of the population were Catholic and so often followed the church’s beliefs
4
Q
What is the syllabus of errors
A
•the pope created the syllabus of errors after the threat to create the new state ‘Italy’
•it claimed that:
-the church would retain control over the education system and all culture and science
-the Catholic Church rejected all ideas of tolerance for other religions
-the church reasserted it’s temporal power
-it criticised liberalism, it attacked religious tolerance, freedom of expression and thought as well as socialism, nationalism and communism
-it would not accept progress and modern civilisation
5
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
The southern question
A
- the plebiscites in 1860 weren’t accurate and in many cases were corrupt. Eg/ in Nice the “no” slips were noteven brought to the voting stations
- Piedmontese politicians had very little understanding of the south. eg/in 1859 the casati law made primary education compulsory but it didn’t happen in the south as the majority were illiterate.
- garibaldi had promised land reform and improved living standards but these didn’t happen.
- Cavour crushed any opposition from the south wether it was form loyal bourbons, the remnants of Garibaldis army, peasants, or those looking for freedom
6
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
Piedmontisation
A
- the government in Turin decided to impose piedmonts systems over the whole peninsula. Eg/ the legal system of Naples was changed by 53 decrees in just 2 days in February 1861.
- all customs, coinage, weights and measures were standardised and the Piedmontese constitution became the Italian constitution.
- Piedmont showed ignorance of regional affairs as Cavour had never travelled further than Tuscany.
- education had to be paid for by attacking the church, this led to the dissolution of 2382 monasteries and convents which the peasants relied on for their land, money, education and health.
- the jury system was introduced into the south but the mafia was able to corrupt and intimidate jurors.
- the south became and even more drain on the north and Piedmont had neither the resources or manpower to adjuster the region well.
- Moderna cited for annexation from Piedmont in 1860
7
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
The brigands war 1861-1865
A
- brigand’s were bandits who lived in the mountains during the Napoleonic war. They were seen as protectors of the south.
- the collapse of bourbon rule in the south had left a power vacuum of law and order. The new government of Italy had increased taxes to pay for the 2.5 billion lire debt caused by the war and agents of king Francis II were stirring up unrest and conscription was introduced in 1861
- 25,000 took to the hills to avoid military service. The war was between the unemployed, disillusioned and 10,000 convicts against the Piedmontese 120,000 army. By 1862 it was estimated there were 82,000 brigands.
8
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
Economic and social backwardness: land sales
A
- debts and costs: cavours policies of the 1850s meant a 2450 million lire debt by 1861 and this more than doubled when Piedmont took in the debt of the smaller states.
- Italy had to modernise their stars with railways roads and military equipment, therefor taxes were introduced(flour tax 1865) most railways shares were owned by foreigners.
- By 1866 the deficient took 60% of date expenditure so introduced the grist tax in 1868 which taxes milling corn. This led to 250 deaths and 1000 injured in riots in the following 2 weeks. Many peasants were forced to move to towns causing a decrease in living standards
9
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
Economic and social backwardness: land sales
A
•they sold church land to raise taxes. In 1867-1874 9 million acres of church land was sold •in the north peasant farmers brought the land but in the south the middle class did, which created even more poverty for southern peasants •
10
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
Economic and social backwardness:
Agriculture and industry
A
- Italy faced high agricultural issues with about 30% of each years produce used for debt repayment.
- methods were so outdated that the economist Nassau Senior estimated that product was the same as the time of Roman Empire
- only 3 million employed in industry by 1861 of whom 80% were women and children
- Italy lacked its natural resources and was short of coal so there weren’t many factories
11
Q
What obstacles were there to Italian unification after 1861?
Economic and social backwardness: transport
A
- there was little interest in canals due to italys topography but Austria had built canals in Lombardy.
- Milan was linked to major roads to other European cities which were suitable for stagecoaches
- 1861 there were only 2773km of railway with the lines built for separate states. But in 1857 the Venetian and Lombard railway systems had been linked
- in Sardinia and Sicily there were no railroads which hindered the growth of industrial development. The government couldn’t afford railways but couldn’t afford to not have them.
- mount cenis tunnel through alps was completed in 1871
12
Q
Factors promoting unity in 1871
A
- the monarchy: the new state was a constitutional monarchy, VEII portrayed the stability of the new kingdom of Italy, parliament became more important
- the army: they already had a large army which was key to becoming a European superpower
- the civil service: everyone in the civil service was form Piedmont, was free of corruption, the service became centralised in rome
- local government: teh country was divided into 69 provinces with one prefect appointed to each province
13
Q
What were the factors diving Italy by 1871?
Social and economic problems
A
- the economy in the south had a lack of capital and skilled labour
- power was also a problem due to lack of water, unlike the north which had the alps
- unification brought higher taxation eg/ grist tax
- the government used most of the tax money to make improvements in the north
- poverty led to high infant mortality, 22.7% died before one
- poverty, unemployment and high taxes led to seasonal migration to richer northern areas or abroad to France or Switzerland
14
Q
What were the factors diving Italy by 1871?
Papal opposition
A
- the church was humiliated after rome was seized in 1870 and even though the pope was given the status of the monarch the church still wasn’t happy
- the law gave him, his own postal service, full religious powers, his representatives at the Vatican had full diplomatic status and 3,225,000 lire per year as compensation for loss of land
- he declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican
- all major powers recognised the Italian seizure of Rome and sent representatives to monarchs new official residence
- form 1870 there were two courts in rome, one in the quitinale palace and one in the Vatican. This was to weaken Italy
- catholics refused to take part in political processes meaning there was no mass Conservative party in the right of Italian politics for decades
15
Q
What were the factors diving Italy by 1871?
Political disunity and irredentism
A
- the Italian parliament was made up of two chambers, chamber of deputies and senate. Deputies were elected to represent their constituencies
- the electorate was small with only 2.2% of the population being able to vote
- only 60% of those able to vote did so
- those on the right were generally from the north and often aristocratic, the left was normally form middle class backgrounds and the south
- Italian irredentism was a nationalist movement during the late 19th century and early 20th century in Italy with goals which promoted the unification of geographic areas where Italian speaking people formed a majority. The irredentists were a thrink in the side of the new state
