Bookmark Flashcards
Effects of ADH/vasopressin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) for inc reabsorption of water in collecting ducts of kidneys –> CHANGE BLOOD OSMOLARITY, inc plasma osmolarity, inc solute conc in blood
Central chemoreceptors vs peripheral chemoreceptors vs mechanoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors neighbor around resp center in brain, carry info about CO2 and pH vs peripheral chemoreceptors are outside the brain, carry info about O2, CO2 and pH vs carry info about pressure, touch, sound and motion
Hydrostatic vs oncotic pressure
Pressure of fluid within blood vessel, pushes fluid out of arteriole end of capillary; low hydrostatic pressure means blood is moving thru capillary vs “sucking” pressure that draws water towards solutes, draws fluid out back to venule end of capillary
What are glial cells/neuroglia? Examples? What type of tissue are they made of?
Structural support for neurons. astrocytes vs ependymal cells vs microglia vs oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Unmyelinated neural tissue
Starling Forces
What causes fluid movement into Bowman’s space. Takes account hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure (osmotic pressure induced by proteins)
Describe the structure of the lymphatic system
A bunch of vessels that carry lymph (fluid) and join together to make a thoracic duct; along the lymphatic vessels are lymph nodes (bean shaped structure) that give a place for immune cells to be exposed to pathogens
Lymphatic systems helps reduce edema by taking in excess fluid from interstitial spaces, can also carry proteins, dissolved solutes, and water from periphery to blood (in a way, this filters blood); they also have one way valves like veins, and is actively pumped by skel muscle contraction
What’s special about animal viruses?
only animal viruses (out of all viruses) have phospholipid envelopes, and they’re obligate intracellular parasites
Describe spermatogenesis
Formation of haploid sperm via meiosis that occurs in seminiferous tubules. After replicating genetic material (S stage), they become primary spermatocytes –> undergo meiosis I => haploid secondary spermatocytes –> meiosis II => haploid spermatids –> maturation => spermatozoa. Results in 4 functional sperm per spermatogonium
Describe oogenesis
Production of female gametes. At birth, females have diploid stem cells aka oogonia and undergo mitosis —> diploid oogonium + diploid primary oocytes which is arrested in prophase I => dictyate state; when reaching menarche, 1 primary oocyte per month undergoes meiosis I => secondary oocyte and polar body –> secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase II and doesn’t continue meiosis II until fertilization
Retroviruses
Enveloped, ssRNA viruses that contain reverse transcriptase which makes DNA from ssRNA. That DNA is integrated into host’s genome and host replicates and transcribes it like its own DNA. Reverse transcription occurs in cytoplasm
Organs that are part vs not part of GI tract
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, anus vs liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What do ACE inhibitors generally do?
inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) –> helps w/ high bp and heart failure
What lab techniques would be used to find gene expression?
anything that can detect mRNA and/or proteins. not DNA (finding DNA would just mean if the gene is present or not as opposed to being expressed or not)
Tetany vs tonus vs twitch vs tremor vs frequency summation
continuous full contraction vs continuous partial contraction vs spasm vs involuntary quivering vs addition of multiple simple twitches before fully relaxing
How is elasticity of alveoli determined?
Pressure of fluid, not radius of airway (radius = determined by bronchioles)
What to do if a genetics problem asks “what are the chances of having 2 children w/ XYZ” from Punnet sq?
multiply chances by 2 (ex: if the child has 50% chance of getting XYZ, then having 2 children will result in 25% b/c 0.5*0.5=0.25)
Parts of endomembrane system
Golgi, ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane
Slowest blood vel vs fastest blood vel occur in which blood vessels?
Capillaries b/c they have higher cross sect area than arteries (they also have greatest surface area) to allow for gas and nutrient exchange vs aorta
What inhibits milk secretion before birth?
high estrogen and progesterone
What happens in birth?
Prostaglandins and oxytocin coordinate contractions from cervix stretching out or dec lvls of estrogen from placenta breaking down. Cervix thins out and amniotic sac ruptures (water breaks), increased uterine stretch –> inc uterine contractions, placenta and umbilical cord = expelled (afterbirth). Progesterone later inhibits contractions
hCG
hormone produced by trophoblast cells; its lvls = high in early pregnancy to maintain corpus luteum –> after 1st trimester, placenta = developed and hCG drops –> corpus luteum deteriorates, placenta maintains progesterone (and estrogen) to maintain pregnancy
Relaxing bronchi and relaxing smooth muscle occurs in what nervous system?
SNS
Examples of peptide neurotransmitters and how they’re produced
Endorphin, opioids. Their precursors & enzymes = axonally transported in vesicles
Which other organs secrete hormones?
Kidneys secrete erythropoietin to stimulate bone marrow to inc production of erythrocytes (RBC) in response to low oxygen in blood. Heart secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to regulate salt and water balance in response to excess blood volume and high bp, dilates afferent arteriole. Thymus secretes thymosin for T-cell development. Liver release insulin-like growth factors in response to GH
What does passive recoil of lung tissue do?
dec lung vol –> exhale completely
What are germinal centers in lymph nodes?
Where B cells can undergo somatic hypermutation (inc chance of mutation after ab binds to its specific ag) and affinity maturation (ab w/ greater affinity to its ag via somatic hypermutation are selected for; if weaker affinity –> apop) and proliferate
