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Therio scs RUSVM COPY > Bovine: Pregnancy and Parturition > Flashcards

Bovine: Pregnancy and Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

When does a cow reach peak lactation?

A

2 weeks post-partum

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2
Q

What is the timeline for pregnancy checks?

A

Check for pregnancy at 30 days Check at 60 and 90 days to make sure she’s still pregnant

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3
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of pregnancy?

A

Fetal membrane slip

Amniotic vesicle

Placentomes

Fetus

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4
Q

How many of the cardinal signs of pregnancy must be present to call a cow pregnant?

A

At least 1

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5
Q

What is the landmark during trans-rectal palpation when doing a pregnancy check?

A

Cervix

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6
Q

Which of the cardinal signs of pregnancy is the earliest indicator of cow far along the cow is? When can it be palpated?

A

Diameter of amniotic vesicle 32-35 days

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7
Q

What is the palpable turbulence of the middle uterine artery that can be used to assist in gestational aging?

A

Fremitus

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8
Q

What is necessary for thorough examination of open tracts and early pregnancies (up to 90 days)?

A

Retraction of the uterus

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9
Q

What is the earliest sign of pregnancy? When is it palpable?

A

Membrane slip 30-90 days

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10
Q

When can placentomes first be palpated? How many must you palpate before coming to a conclusion and why?

A

80-90 days At least 3 to make sure you are not feeling ovaries

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11
Q

When can the fetus be palpated?

A

55-65 days

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12
Q

When does fetal descent begin? When is it complete? When does ascent begin and finish?

A

Descent: starts 70 days, finishes 150 days

Ascent: starts 210 days, finish 240 days

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13
Q

Which of the following is not a supportive sign of pregnancy?

Asymmetry of uterine horns

Thickening and tone of uterine wall

Fixation of cervix

Fremitus of middle uterine artery

Presence of CL

A

Thickening and tone of uterine wall

Correct= THINNING and tone of uterine wall

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14
Q

If a cow is pregnant in the left horn what side is the CL on?

A

Left

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15
Q

How can you differentiate the iliac artery from the middle uterine artery?

A

The iliac artery is immovable MUA is movable in the broad ligament

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16
Q

When is estimating the age of the fetus most accurate?

A

1st half of gestation

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17
Q

Aggressive membrane slip may terminate the pregnancy via _____ release.

A

PGF2a (Prostaglandin)

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18
Q

When can pregnancy be diagnosed via ultrasound? When can gender be determined with this modality?

A

24 days

Gender: 55-80 days

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19
Q

During palpation you notice one uterine horn is larger and has a softer tone, can you determine the cow is pregnant?

A

No, need one of the 4 cardinal signs of pregnancy

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20
Q

When can a Bovine Pregnancy Specific Protein B test detect pregnancy?

A

30 days after breeding

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21
Q

Why is testing for progesterone not a good option for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

It only indicates a CL, not a pregnancy

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22
Q

Which hormone is most prominent during estrus?

a. Progesterone b. Testosterone c. GnRH d. Estrogen

A

d. Estrogen

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23
Q

What hormone is most prominent during diestrus? a. Progesterone b. Testosterone c. GnRH d. Estrogen

A

a. Progesterone

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24
Q

What behaviors indicate sexual receptivity (i.e. estrus) of a female?

A

Standing to be mounted

Increased restlessness

Bellowing

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25
Q

What breeding method, natural or AI, has a higher chance of resulting in conception?

A

Natural breeding

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26
Q

At what age are heifers usually bred?

A

14-15 months

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27
Q

What occurs during the voluntary waiting period? How long is this usually?

A

Time period after calving in which cow will not be bred

60 days (45-65d)

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28
Q

What are the 2 aspects of the open period in a dairy cow’s life?

A

Voluntary waiting period

Breeding period

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29
Q

What is a fresh cow?

A

A cow that has just had a calf

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30
Q

What is the computer generated graph called used for estrus detection, especially on small farms?

A

Q-sum graph

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31
Q

Name a few estrus detection aids,

A

Tail-head pressure monitors

Painting or chalking the tail

Lottery ticket/Scratch-off Heat detection (Heatwatch, Kamar)

Pedometer

Chin ball markers

Gomer/Teaser bull

32
Q

How long is the breeding season in a beef herd?

A

60 days

33
Q

What does this graph indicate?

A

Bull failure

34
Q

What does it mean to “control” the estrous cycle?

A

Using exogenous hormones to hasten or delay the onset of estrus

35
Q

What does it mean to “synchronize” a herd of cows?

A

Coordinated control of estrus in multiple animals

36
Q

T/F: The inherent fertility of estrus is improved by control or synchronization.

A

False, does not improve it may actually reduce it

37
Q

When can prostaglandins be administered for estrus synchronization?

A

Days 6-17 of the cycle

38
Q

How long can a CIDR be left in place? What is the purpose?

A

7 days Can be used for 5

Potentially initate estrous cycle in non-cycling cows

39
Q

How long is Melegestrol acetate (MGA) administered? What does it do?

A

14 days

Mimics diestrus

40
Q

What is used for follicular synchronization?

A

Exogenous GnRH (Cystrolin)

41
Q

When does udder edema and milk production begin prepartum? What is ‘waxing’?

A

1-2 weeks

Dripping milk and colostrum from the udder resulting in a crusty/waxy coating

42
Q

What initiates parturition? What hormones are released?

A

Fetal stress

Fetal ACTH increases causing release of fetal cortisol

43
Q

During parturition the activation/conversion of placental enzyme systems occurs, this means that _______ decrease and _______ increase.

A

Progestagens (P4, pregnanes, pregnolones)

Estrogen precursors and estrogens

44
Q

Which hormone causes relaxstion of the pelvic ligaments during parturition? Which hormone is part of the initiation of lactation?

A

Relaxin

Prolactin

45
Q

During parturition, what hormone receptors are up regulated in the endometrium?

A

Oxytocin

46
Q

What occurs in stage I of eutocia?

A

Initiation of myometrial contractions

Dilation of the cervix

Dropping (of colostrum/milk into teats)

Rupture of the chorioallantoic membrane

+/- Rotation of the fetus

47
Q

What initiates stage 2 of parturition?

A

Rupture of the amnion

48
Q

Wedging of the fetus into the cervical canal stimulates oxytocin release which stimulates more uterine contractions. What is this describing?

A

Ferguson’s reflex

49
Q

What describes the anatomic relationship of the dorsum of the fetus relative to the maternal pelvis? Which is the desired position for delivery?

A

“Position”

Dorso-Iliac if posterior position, dorso-sacral if anterior position

50
Q

What describes the relationship of the spinal axis of the fetus to that of the dam and the position of the fetus that is entering the birth canal?

A

“Presentation”

51
Q

What are the 3 descriptors for how a fetus is going to be born?

A

Presentation

Position

Posture

52
Q

Is dystocia more common in primiparous or multiparous animals?

A

Primiparous

  • I.e. an animal that has never given birth before, Heifer or Gilt*
  • Cattle have highest risk, cats lowest*
53
Q

What type of maternal cause of dystocia occurs when there is exhaustion of the myometrium after prolonged attempts to deliver the fetus?

a. Primary uterine inertia
b. Secondary uterine inertia
c. Abnormality of the birth canal

A

b. Secondary uterine inertia

54
Q

What type of maternal cause of dystocia occurs if there are few weak abdominal contractions?

a. Primary uterine inertia
b. Secondary uterine inertia
c. Abnormality of the birth canal

A

a. Primary uterine inertia

55
Q

What is the rare congenital anomaly characterized by partial or complete agenesis of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae?

A

Peresomus elumbus

Fetal monster

56
Q

Which fetal cause of dystocia identified in certain Angus cattle lines and Angus crossbreeds due to a defect in fetal DNA?

A

Curly calf syndrome

57
Q

What are the 2 methods for casting a cow?

A

Flying-W

Half-hitching

58
Q

PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?

A

Presentation: Posterior/caudal longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture; Complete extension of hind limbs

NORMAL posterior presentation

59
Q

PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?

A

Presentation: Anterior/cranial longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture; Bilateral carpal flexion

ABNORMAL presentation

60
Q

PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?

A

Presentation: Anteiror/cranial longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture: :Left shoulder flexion

ABNORMAL presentation

61
Q

PPP? Normal or abnormal presentation for parturition?

A

Presentation: Anterior /cranial longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture; Complete extension of head and forelimbs

NORMAL anterior presentation

62
Q

PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?

A

Presentation: Anterior/cranial longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture:Left lateral deviation of the head (head retained), forelimbs extended

ABNORMAL presentation

63
Q

PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?

A

Presentation: Anteiror/cranial longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture: Right shoulder flexion

ABNORMAL presentation

64
Q

PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturiton?

A

Presentation: Anterior/cranial longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture: Bilateral hip flexion

ABNORMAL presentation

“Dog Sitting position”

65
Q

PPP? Normal or abnormal position for parturition?

A

Presentation: Anteiror/cranial longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture: Complete down/ventral deviation of the head

ABNORMAL presentation

“Head-Breast Posture” aka “Nape Presentation”

66
Q

PPP?

A

Presentation: Posterior/caudal longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture: Bilateral hip flexion

“Breech Presentation”

67
Q

PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?

A

Presentation: Anterior/cranial longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture; Left carpal flexion

ABNORMAL presentation

68
Q

PPP?

A

Presentation: Posterior/caudal longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-pubic / ventral

Posture: Extended hind limbs

69
Q

PPP?

A

Presentation: Posterior/caudal longitudinal

Postion: Dorso-sacral

Posture: Bilateral hock flexion

70
Q

Presentation?

A

Transverse dorsal

71
Q

T/F: Antiseptic solutions should not be added to warm water when washing the vulva and perineum before a vaginal exam because these can be irritating to the tissues.

A

False, use warm water and mild antiseptic solution

72
Q

When palpating a mature fetus prior to parturiton, what can excessive movement of extremities or the tongue indicate?

A

Hypoxia

73
Q

How can you test for fetal life when palpating a mature fetus?

A

Positive response to pedal, palpabral, eye ball, mouth and anal pressure by movement reflex

74
Q

What are 2 reasons for green-stained amniotic fluid?

A

Meconium (caused by a stressed calf)

Putrifaction (accompanied by a fetid odor, indicating a dead calf)

75
Q

You are palpating a mature fetus and feel extremities. You can only bend them in one direction. Are you feeling fore or hind limbs?

A

Forelimbs

Therio scs RUSVM COPY (17 decks)

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