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Anatomy Exam 2 > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

0
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A

Formate magnum to L1-2

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1
Q

What are the 4 structures of the CNS?

A

Brain (cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum), the spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Connective tissue that anchors the spinal cord to the first coccygeal segment.

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3
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Extension of the spinal cord in the lumbar region

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4
Q

What is the filum terminalis?

A

Extension of the conus medullaris, tethers the spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the difference between white and grey matter?

A

White matter is myelinated (and the outer layer), grey matter is unmyelinated (interior H-shaped region)

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6
Q

Which horn of the spinal cord holds sensory nerves?

A

Dorsal horn

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7
Q

Which horn of the spinal cord holds motor neurons?

A

Ventral horns

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8
Q

What are the three structures of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Where does the medulla oblongata end?

A

The foramen magnum (afterwards, it is the spinal cord)

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10
Q

What autonomic centers are in the medulla oblongata? (4)

A

Respiratory, cardiac center, vasomotor center, reflexes for (vomiting, swallowing, coughing sneezing)

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11
Q

Nuclei for which 4 nerves are in the medulla oblongata

A

CN IX, X, XI, XII

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12
Q

Part of the medulla forms what structure?

A

The fourth ventricle

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13
Q

What structures does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

The pyramids (corticospinal tracts) and the decussation of the pyramids (motor fibers and the crossing of motor fibers from each hemisphere)

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14
Q

The pons contains which cranial nerves? (4)

A

CN V, VI, VII, VIII

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15
Q

What two structures does the pons contain?

A

The respiratory center (pneumotactic center), fiber tracts connecting medulla with upper portions of the brain.

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16
Q

The midbrain contains which cranial nerves? (3)

A

CN III, IV, V

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17
Q

What do the cerebral pundicles do?

A

In the midbrain, connect tracts from pons to cerebrum

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18
Q

What is the substantia nigra? What does it do?

A

Dopamine producing region, associated with reward, addiction, movement

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19
Q

What is the corpora quadrigemina?

A

Four bumps in the midbrain that make up the superior (circadian eye movements) and inferior colliculli (localize sound)

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20
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A

Connects that third and four ventricles with CSFluid

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the Cerebellum?

A

Balance, posture, learning of motion, cognitive function, motor. Coordination, fine tuning of motion (not initiation of movement)

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22
Q

If the cerebellum is damaged, what symptoms can occur?

A

Lack of coordination in gait, speech, etc (test by toe-heel walking, finger-to-nose)

23
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

The corpus collosum

24
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

25
Q

What make up the crevasses and valleys of the cerebrum?

A

Hills =gyri; Valleys =sulci (sulci separate the lobes)

26
Q

Which fissure separates the two hemispheres?

A

The longitudinal fissure

27
Q

The frontal lobe is ‘responsible’ for…

A

Primary motor activity, behavior, speech production

28
Q

The parietal lobe is responsible for….

A

Primary somatosensory, proprioception, association of somatosensory, vision, audition, formation of egocentric space, sense of self

29
Q

The occipital lobe is responsible for….

A

Vision

30
Q

The temporal lobe is associated with

A

Audition, olfactory, memory

31
Q

Which sulcus separates the frontal and temporal lobes

A

Lateral (sylvan) sulcus

32
Q

Which sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

The central sulcus

33
Q

The cerebral hemispheres hold what two kinds of structures?

A

Basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

34
Q

Where (which lobe) is the hippocampus?

A

The temporal lobe (for memory)

35
Q

Where is the homunculus (homunculus)?

A

parietal lobe

36
Q

Precentral gyrus of the parietal lobe hold what part of the homunculus?

A

Motor

37
Q

What is in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensory of the homunculus

38
Q

What stimuli go to the thalamus?

A

All sensory, except olfactory

39
Q

How are thalamic stimuli radiated to specific cortical areas?

A

Thalamocortical radiations

40
Q

What does the hypothalamus do and what hormones does it produce?

A

Integrates autonomic nervous system. Regulates water balance, body temperature and thirst. Produces anitdiuretic hormone and oxytocin

41
Q

What comprises the third ventricle?

A

The hypothalamus

42
Q

CN I and testing

A

Olfactory nerve (smell). Test by waving a non-irritating smell under the nose.

43
Q

CN II and testing

A

Optic (sight). Test with a Snellen chart and fundoscopic exam.

44
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor (eye movements, pupil constriction)

45
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear (superior oblique muscle)

46
Q

CN V and testing

A

Trigeminal (sensory to face, motor to muscles of mastication). Test by lightly touching face and cornea with cotton swab, or observe bite strength.

47
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens (lateral rectus muscle)

48
Q

CN VII and testing

A

Facial (muscles of facial expression, taste). Tested by looking at ability to make facial expressions, and taste-testing of anterior 2/3 of tongue.

49
Q

CN VIII and testing

A

Auditory nerve (hearing and balance). Tested with the Weber and Rinne test (tuning fork). Or introduce head movements and check eyes for nystagmus.

50
Q

CN IX and testing

A

Glossopharyngeal (taste, secretomotor to parotid, stylopharyngeus m.) test by taste testing on posterior 1/3 of the tongue. Also by sensation testing of the palate arches

51
Q

CN X and testing

A

Vagus- motor to laryngeal/pharyngeal muscles, parasympathetic to everything north of splenic flexure. Test by asking pt to say ‘ahhh’, and see if uvula stays midline. Difficulty speaking indicates damage.

52
Q

CN XI and testing

A

Spinal accessory (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius). Test by contracting muscles against resistance.

53
Q

CN XII and testing

A

Hypoglossal (muscles of the tongue). Test by asking patient to stick tongue out straight- look for deviation

54
Q

How do we test cranial nerves III, IV, VI?

A

Shining a light in the eye to test pupil contraction and track movement

55
Q

The corneal test tests which two cranial nerves?

A

V (ophthalmic trigeminal nerve) and VII (facial nerve/facial expression)

56
Q

CN VIII splits into what two branches?

A

The vestibular nerve (head position) and the cochlear nerve (sound information from the ear)

Anatomy Exam 2 (5 decks)

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