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nrscnc > brain anatomy 2 > Flashcards

brain anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the development of the brain

A

In the beginning from the zygote the
fetus starts developing and, at gestational day 19, we already have a rudimental NS. It is a flat structure, named neural plate made by not very differentiated cells. At day 22 the
extremities fold up creating the neural groove which closes up after a couple of days leaving a hole inside. That hole is the rudimental central canal from which the ventricles will start emerging. In the fetus, at day 40, we observe a flexure of the frontal part and, later, a flexure in the pontine structures. From these modifications the main vesicles appear, creating the root for the proper NS.

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2
Q

Name the 5 vesicles that appear from development (from top to bottom)

A
  1. telencephalon
  2. diencephalon
  3. mesencephalon
  4. metencephalon
  5. myelencephalon
    the last 2 emerge from the a vesicle called the rhombencephalon
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3
Q

The telencephalon hosts the neocortex. Give some info

A

The neocortex is the most external and developed part
of our brain, organized in a way to play a role in the majority of the most complex brain functions
(see later). The neocortex in humans is full of circumvolutions, which are there to maximize the
amount of cortical surface in the smallest volume (this to avoid we have a huge head!).

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4
Q

Name the 4 visible and 2 extra lobes in the telecephalon/ the brain

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
    and the internal lobes:
  5. insular
  6. limbic
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5
Q

What are gyri?

A

Each lobe is also further divided in subregions, mostly
identified by the presence of gyri, bumps formed by
the circumvolutions.

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6
Q

Where does the area of Broca reside?

A

As an example in the gyrus
frontalis inferior (GFI) we have the area of Broca, critical for production of speech

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7
Q

Where does the area of Wernicke reside?

A

in the gyrus temporalis superior we have the area of Wernicke, important for language comprehension.

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8
Q

Describe the placement of the lobes

A
  • frontal: at the front
  • parietal: aan de bovenkant en naar achteren toe
  • temporal: at the bottom front
  • occipital: at the far back
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9
Q

What is the main role of the frontal lobe?

A

Action cortex, executive function (decision making), organization of complex behaviours, planning and initiation of voluntary movements
Broca

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10
Q

What is the main role of the parietal lobe?

A

language processing, intergration sensory info, spatial awareness, somatosensory processing

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11
Q

What is the main role of the temporal lobe?

A

visual memory, language comprehension and emotional association

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12
Q

What is the main role of the occipital lobe?

A

visuo-spatial processing, motor perception

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13
Q

What is the main role of the insular lobe?

A

consciousness, emotions, perception, self-awareness, interpersonal experience, homeostasis

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14
Q

What is the main role of the limbic lobe?

A

emotions, learning, memory, reward and homeostasis

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15
Q

What are sulcus?

A

As said the gyri can be highlighted by the circumvolutions. What makes them visible is the indentation of the cortical mantle. That we name sulcus.

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16
Q

Which sulci make the division between the frontal, parietal and temporal lobe?

A

the central sulcus and the lateral sulcus

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17
Q

What is the function of the white matter?

A

The WM comprises the bundles of fibers (axons) that leave a specific gray matter region (GM, either cortical or subcortical) to allow the communication between brain regions and between brain and spinal cord.

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18
Q

Name the 3 different types of white matter fibers

A
  1. association
  2. commissural
  3. projection
    fibers
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19
Q

Name the differences between the 3 different types of white matter fibers

A

the association fibers connects different cortical regions with each other at the level of the same hemisphere. Whereas the commissural fibers connect on the different hemispheres. The projection fibers connect from the cortex to the spinal cord

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20
Q

Name one example of each of the different types of white matter fibers

A
  • association fiber: U-fiber
  • commissural: corpus callosum
  • projection: The third is made by the fibers leaving the cortex, converging into the corona radiata and which via the internal capsula reach the pyramid in the
    meyelencephalon and then the spinal cord to transduce motor information to the muscles.
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21
Q

What is the difference between the white and the grey matter?

A

The grey matter has neuronal cell bodies, while the WM does not!

22
Q

Name a form of grey matter

A

The basal ganglia, they support the function of the cortex.

23
Q

What does a malfunction in the basal ganglia mean?

A

The basal ganglia (grey matter) is located in the area fundamental for planning and initiation of motor function. So, their malfunction is related to disorders like Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease.

24
Q

Where are the basal ganglia located?

A

They surround the thalamus and they have a strong connection with lateral and 3rd ventricle

25
Q

Of which structures is the diencephalon made?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus and the epithalamus

26
Q

How are the 2 encephali connected in the diencephalon?

A

They are connected by the inter-thalamic adhesion at the level of the 3rd ventricle

27
Q

What are the functions of hypothalamus, epithalamus, thalamus?

A

hypothalamus: hemostatic function
epithalamus: reward
thalamus: postNL of our CNS, it picks up the incoming info and dispatches it to the designed part of the cortex

28
Q

Name the most important connections in the thalamus

A

pulvinar (back of the thalamus) and the lateral geniculate nucelus: transduction of visual stimuli
medial geniculate (small blue bal in front): auditory stimuli

29
Q

What are the cerebral peducles?

A

A highway of white matter that travel from the brain to the spinal cord and back

30
Q

What resides in the mesencephalon (midbrain)?

A

it hosts a portion of the cerebral peduncles, the substantia niga,m periaqueductal gray (PAG)

31
Q

What is the goal of the substantia nigra?

A

It is involved in the dopaminergic control of the basal ganglia planning and initiation of motor functions

32
Q

What is the periaqurductal gray?

A

A grey matter encompassing the cerebral aqueduct strongly involved in pain

33
Q

Where is the majority of the white matter located?

A

The myelencephalon

34
Q

An interesting nuclei named Raphe is located in the myelencephalon, what is its function?

A

it is important for serotonin transmission, small note here LSD and hallucinogens mostly produce their effects

35
Q

The metencephalon develops which 2 structures?

A

the pons and the cerebellum

36
Q

What is the role of the pons?

A

The pons is a rhomboid structure where
the majority of cranial nerve nuclei are present. These nerves are a bit the brain version of the spinal nerves. They depart rom the brain and their role is that of innervate the head and the neck.

37
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 1?

A

This is the olfactory nerve, This is somatosensory. It transmits impulses about odors to the CNS

38
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 2?

A

This is the optic nerve, this is somatosensory. It transmits all visual information.

39
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 5?

A

This is the trigeminal nerve, this is motor and somatosensory. Providing sensation to the face and controlling muscles involved in chewing.

40
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 7?

A

This is the facial nerve, this is somatosensory and visceral. So, combination between sensory and motor functions. It is involved in facial expressions, taste, and other sensory perceptions

41
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 10?

A

This is the vagus nerve, this is motor, somatosensory and visceral. It is the longest cranial nerve and plays a role in regulating various involuntary bodily functions.

42
Q

Learn the placement of the cranial nerves

A

Okay, https://neuroanatomy.ca/interactive/CNbrain.html

43
Q

Name the results of cranial nerve damage of all the important cranial nerves (1,2,5,7,8,12)

A

1: smell loss
2: vision loss
5: trigeminal neuralgia
7: Bell’s palsy
8: balance
12: shoulder uneven

44
Q

What is the functoin of foramina of the skull?

A

These small holes drilled in the skull are devoted to let the cranial nerves pass

45
Q

How does the cerebellum communicate with the rest of the brain?

A

The cerebellar nuclei are so important
for the cerebellum because they
represent the only way by which the
cerebellum can communicate with the
rest of the nervous system. A damage to
the nuclei means damage to the whole cerebellum.

46
Q

The human cerebellum has 4 nuclei, name them

A

Don’t eat greasy food:
dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial

47
Q

Name the function of the 3 cerebella peduncles

A

the superior peduncle is involved in sending projection outside the cerebellum to the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.
The medial peduncles are taking information from the rest of the brain to the cerebellum
the inferior peduncle are devoted to the incoming information from the spinal cord

48
Q

From where does the spinal cord emerge?

A

It emerges from the medulla oblongata of the myelencephalon and extends troughout our vertebral column

49
Q

The spinal cord has a different organization considering white and grey matter compared to the brain, explain

A

The spinal cord: gray matter in the inner part and white on the outside
brain: white matter in the centre and grey on the outside

50
Q
A

nrscnc (15 decks)

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