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Anatomy Exam 2 > Brain Vasculature > Flashcards

Brain Vasculature Flashcards

0
Q

The brain is responsible for what percent of cardiac output?

A

15%

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Allow the brain to float

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2
Q

The venous drainage system in the brain is made of

A

Valveless sinuses with collateral channels

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3
Q

What is the main purpose of the venous cranial system?

A

To decrease the likelihood of increased intracranial pressure

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4
Q

The brain is responsible for what percent of O2 and glucose consumption?

A

20%, 25%

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges and what do they do?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (to keep in CSF, prevent things from coming in)

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6
Q

What are the dural folds?

A

Places where the dura mater fold in to create extra protection

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7
Q

Where does the CSF flow?

A

In the subarachnoid space

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the arachnoid villi?

A

To resorb CSF and return it to the blood stream

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9
Q

Which layer of the meninges covers the entire brain except some areas of the ventricular system?

A

Pia mater

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10
Q

What are the four dural folds?

A

Flax cerebri (corpus collosum just underneath, at longitudinal fissure) tentorium cerebelli (cerebellum underneath, ) falx cerebelli, sellar diaphragm.

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11
Q

Which dural fold separates the occipital from the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebellum

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12
Q

What do the denticulate ligaments do?

A

Anchor the spinal cord, attach pia matter to dura matter

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13
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Connective tissue that connects the lowest tip of the spinal cord to the sacrum/coccyx

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14
Q

Where do we do lumbar punctures ?

A

Causa equina, below L3 (spinal cord doesn’t go below L2). Collecting CSF in subarachnoid space

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15
Q

What cells produce CSF?

A

Choroid plexus (made of glial cells)

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16
Q

What structures keep the brain in place?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

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17
Q

How does the CSF flow?

A

Brain movements and pulsations of surface arteries

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18
Q

What are the three parts of the meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

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19
Q

Which layer of the meninges holds the venous sinus system and the dural folds?

A

Dura mater

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20
Q

Which meninges layer forms the subarachnoid space?

A

The arachnoid mater

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21
Q

What flows in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

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22
Q

What is the purpose of arachnoid villi?

A

To resorb CSF into the blood stream

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23
Q

Which meningal layer is the thinnest?

A

Pia mater

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24
Q

What are the four dural folds?

A

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, sellar diaphragm

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25
Q

Which dural fold separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum and is located in the longitudinal fissure?

A

Falx cerebri

26
Q

Which dural fold separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe?

A

Tentorium cereblli

27
Q

Which dural fold separates the cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Falx cerebelli

28
Q

Which dural fold covers the pituitary?

A

Sellar diaphragm

29
Q

What are denticulate ligaments and what is their supposed purpose?

A

From the pia mater, thin ligamentous structures that Conner the pia mater to the dura mater along the spinal cord. Thought to stabilize the spinal cord

30
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A connective tissue cord from the pia mater; extends from the conus medullaris and anchors to the coccyx/sacrum.

31
Q

Where does one insert a needle for a lumbar puncture? From what space do you remove fluid?

A

Below L2, usually L3 in the cauda equina area. Fluid is collected from the subarachnoid space.

32
Q

What is the approximate volume and pressure of the CSF?

A

150 ml, 10 mm Hg

33
Q

What cells make CSF? Where are they located and how much CSF do they make?

A

Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus. They make about 450-500ml of CSF a day and are located in the lateral ventricles.

34
Q

How is the CSF propelled?

A

By brain movements and surface artery pulsations

35
Q

What is the purpose of the CSF in the brain?

A

Decrease weight of the brain from 1400g to 45g. Prevents crushing of cranial nerves and blood vessels.

36
Q

What structures keep the brain in place within the skull?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

37
Q

Where does the CSF flow from the lateral ventricles?

A

Through the foramen of monro (aka interventricular foramen) into the third ventricle. Then through the aqueduct of sylvius into the fourth ventricle. Then through the foramen of magendie into the spinal canal

38
Q

What embryological structure are the lateral ventricles derived from?

A

The neural tube

39
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

Underneath the lateral ventricles, between halves of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

40
Q

The cerebral aqueduct passes through which structure?

A

The midbrain

41
Q

The fourth ventricle lies between which two structures?

A

Between the medulla and the cerebellum

42
Q

From the fourth ventricle, where does the CSF go?

A

Either to the spinal cord or into the subarachnoid space via the foramina of Luschka or the foramen of magendie

43
Q

CSF in the superior Sagittarius sinus can be reabsorbed by what structures?

A

The arachnoid granulations

44
Q

Which ventricular foramina that connect CSF to the subarachnoid space are midline or lateral?

A

Foramen of magendie in midline, foramen of Luschka is lateral

45
Q

Where is the blood-CSF barrier? How does it work?

A

On the choroid plexus where ependymal cells surround capillaries. Large molecules are prevented from entering the CSF by tight junctions.

46
Q

What structures allow CSF to pass from the subarachnoid space into venous dural sinuses?

A

Arachnoid villi/ granulations

47
Q

Starting from the aorta, what three vessels does blood flow through to get to the brain?

A

Aorta –> common carotid artery –> vertebral artery –> middle cerebral artery

48
Q

Which artery supplies most of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Internal carotid artery

49
Q

Where do the internal carotid artery and external carotid arteries branch off?

A

Carotid sinus

50
Q

The internal carotid artery splits into what two branches?

A

The anterior and middle cerebral arteries

51
Q

Where do the vertebral artery and common carotid arteries branch off from?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk of the aorta

52
Q

The vetebral artery ascends from which artery?

A

Subclavian artery

53
Q

The vetebral artery passes through what structures?

A

The transverse foramina of C1-6, the Atlanto-occipital membrane, and the dura

54
Q

The basilar-vertebral arterial system supplies what six structures?

A

Spinal cord, brain stem, inner ear, cerebellum, occipital and temporal lobes

55
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries form the basilar artery?

A

On the Ventral medulla

56
Q

What arteries branch off of the vertebral arteries?

A

The spinal arteries and the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

57
Q

Where is the basilar artery?

A

Ventral surface of the brain stem

58
Q

What four arteries branch off of the basilar artery?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, pontine artery, superior cerebellar and posterior cerebellar arteries

59
Q

Describe the blood-CSF barrier

A

Tight junctions between choroidal epithelium to prevent entry of large molecules

60
Q

Describe the brain-CSF barrier

A

Minimal restriction- no tight junctions. Free passage of fluid between ventricles and brain interstitium

61
Q

Describe the blood-brain barrier

A

Tight junctions maintained by astrocyte feet. Very impermeable. Glucose and AAs pass with transporters gasses pass via diffusion

62
Q

What are the three regions where there is no blood-brain barrier?

A

Hypothalamus, area postrema, periventricular regions

Anatomy Exam 2 (5 decks)

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