Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Brainscape - Sheet1 > Flashcards

Brainscape - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

A. Conjugation in Bacteria

A

In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. When the two cells are members of a different species, conjugation results in horizontal gene transfer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

B. Transduction

A

A process in which viruses carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these two cells are members of a different species, transduction results in horizontal gene transfer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

C. Operon (inducible and repressible)

A

The operator, promoter, and the genes they control in a pathway. Inducible: presence of molecule activates operon. Repressible: presence of molecule inhibits operon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

D. Transformation

A

A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

E. Plasmid

A

A small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that carriers accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, used as vectors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

F. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Any segment of DNA can be amplified in a test tube. DNA denatured to separate strands. Primers are added as DNA is annealed. Heat stable DNA polymerase extends the primers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

G. Gel Electrophoresis

A

Gel made of a polymer with electrical flow used to separate nucleic acid or proteins on the basis of size, electrical charge and other physical properties. DNA is negatively charges so they travel towards positive end. The gel separates the longer molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

H. DNA Ligase

A

A linking enzyme essential for DMA replication: catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of DNA fragment to the 5’ end of another DNA fragment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

I. DNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major roles in DNA replication in E. coli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

J. Okazaki Fragments

A

A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

K. Leading vs Lagging Strand

A

Leading Strand: The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5’-3’ direction Lagging Strand: A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’-3’ direction away from the replication fork.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

L. Topoisomerase

A

A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

M. Primer

A

A strand of nucleic acid that serves as the starting point for DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

N. Replication Fork

A

Structure that forms in DNA replication; created by helicases that create two separate DNA strands that serve as templates for leading and lagging strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

O. Helicase

A

Enzyme that unzips DNA helix for DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

P. Restriction enzymes

A

enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers with a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Polypeptides

A

amino acids connected by covalent peptide bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

double helix

A

Structure of DNA: sugar-phosphate backbones on outside, nitrogenous base son inside, bases joined by hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic/metabolic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make proteins, free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lysosome (animal cell only)

A

digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mitochondrion

A

organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Peroxisome

A

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

reinforces cell’s shape; functions in cell movement, components made of protein. Includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Centrosomes

A

regions where the cell’s microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles (centrioles only in animal cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Flagellum

A

(animal cell only): motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores, continuous with ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nucleolus

A

nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Central vacuole

A

(plant cell only): functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Chloroplast

A

(plant cell only): photosynthetic organelle; converts light energy to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

(plant cell only): cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm’s of adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cell wall

A

(plant cell only): outer layer that maintains cell’s shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

membrane is fluid structure with various proteins embedded in or attached to the lipid bilayer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly in the available space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

transport proteins help ions and hydrophilic substances cross the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Active Transport

A

pumping a solute against its concentration gradient. Requires energy.

40
Q

Exocytosis

A

secretion by fusion of vesicle. Requires energy

41
Q

Endocytosis

A

Taking up molecules by forming new vesicles from the membrane. EX: phagocytosis: engulfing for digestion; Pinocytosis: cell drinking; receptor mediated endocytosis: ligands bind on receptor sites in
coated pits. Then coated pits form vesicles containing ligand.

42
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that act as catalysts, chemical agents that speed up a reaction without being consumed

43
Q

Activation energy

A

energy needed to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break (enzymes lower AE)

44
Q

Induced fit

A

shape of active site molds to substrate upon binding

45
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

block substrates from entering active sites

46
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape so that the active site is less effective

47
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Conversion of light energy into stored sugar and organic molecules. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

48
Q

Light Dependent Reaction

A

The light-dependent reactions is the first stage of photosynthesis, the process by which plants capture and store energy from sunlight. In this process, light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH. Occurs in thylakoid membrane.

49
Q

Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

A

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reaction, and RuBP Regeneration.

50
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

51
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.

52
Q

Glycolysis

A

A series of reactions that splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells and serves as starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. No oxygen needed.

53
Q

Transition Reaction

A

Converts the two molecules of the 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis into two molecules of the 2-carbon molecule acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).

54
Q

Kreb’s cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A

A chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules. Occurs in mitochondrion of eukaryotes.

55
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Respiration without oxygen.

56
Q

Mitosis

A

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages: PPMAT. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.

57
Q

Meiosis

A

A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. it results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell.

58
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Mendel’s first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation.

59
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Mendel’s second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation: applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.

60
Q

autosomal linkage

A

Exception to Mendel’s Laws: Genes on autosomes can be linked due to closeness.

61
Q

sex linked inheritance

A

Exception to Mendel’s Laws: Gene located on either sex chromosome.

62
Q

multiple alleles

A

Exception to Mendel’s Laws: multiple alleles control a trait. ex blood

63
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

Exception to Mendel’s Laws: an additive effect of two or more genes on a single character

64
Q

pleiotropy

A

Exception to Mendel’s Laws: one gene controls multiple traits.

65
Q

epigenetics

A

Exception to Mendel’s Laws: inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence

66
Q

Degrees of dominance

A

Exception to Mendel’s Laws: incomplete dominance (blending) and codominance (blotches)

67
Q

epistasis

A

Exception to Mendel’s Laws: phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of a gene at a second locus.

68
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino gorup on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

69
Q

RNA processing

A

Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5’ and 3’ ends.

70
Q

Translation

A

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids.

71
Q

evolution

A

Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

72
Q

speciation

A

an evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species

73
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. the engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

74
Q

natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive an reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

75
Q

convergent evolution

A

the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages

76
Q

clade

A

a group of secies that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendents

77
Q

paraphyletic

A

pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

78
Q

polyphyletic

A

Pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors

79
Q

genetic drift

A

a process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations

80
Q

bottleneck effect

A

genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reducded, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving poplationis no longer genetically representative of the original population

81
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation provided that only mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work

82
Q

gene flow

A

the transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

83
Q

Polarity

A

charge of a molecule; water’s high polarity allows for hydrogen bonding

84
Q

Cohesion

A

water or some other substance tending to cling to itself

85
Q

Adhesion

A

water or some other substance tending to cling to other substances

86
Q

Surface tension

A

tendency of a surface to resist an external force

87
Q

Specific heat

A

amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature 1 degree Celcius; water has a high specific heat

88
Q

Transipiration

A

evaporation of water from plants

89
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of substances across a cell membrane from high to low concentrations; no energy is required

90
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water across a cell membrane from high to low concentrations; no energy is required

91
Q

Tonicity

A

measure of the osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane

92
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of a single species living in the same area

93
Q

Trophic Structure

A

feeding relationships between organisms

94
Q

Humoral Immune Response

A

response by B-cells activated by T-cells; plasms cells create antibodies

95
Q

Nervous System

A

the system that detects changes in the environment and interprets and evaluates stimuli

96
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A

a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus

97
Q

Altruism

A

behavior that reduces an animal’s individual fitness but increases the fitness of other individuals in the population

AP Biology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions