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E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically > Branchial arches > Flashcards

Branchial arches Flashcards

1
Q

What do the branchial arches form?

A

The pulmonary and cardiac casculature, and the cranial nerves that innervate the face, neck, heart and lung.

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2
Q

The left and right pulmonary artery?

A

Deoxgenated venous return is circulated from right ventricle to the left and right lung.

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3
Q

Pulmonary veins?

A

Oxygenated blood returned to left arterium/ventricle

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4
Q

Aortic arch?

A

Oxygenated blood circulated to head, neck and body

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5
Q

The 3 different arteries of the aortic arch

A
  1. Branchiocephalic artery
    1. Right common carotid
    2. Right subclavian
  2. Left common artery
  3. Left subclavian artery

See AS39

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6
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch consist of?

A

A core of meschymal tissue covered on the outside by surface ectoderm on the outside.

Inside: by epithelium of endodermal origin.

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7
Q

Where is the mesenchym cells that compose of the pharyngeal arch derive from?

A

Paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm

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8
Q

What does the core of each arch receive?

A

Substantial numbers of neural crest cells.

These migrate into the arhces to contribute to skeletal components of the face

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9
Q

Image of the structure of a pharyngeal arch?

A

AS40

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10
Q

Differenec between pouches and clefts?

A

Pounches are on the inside while clefts are on the outside

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11
Q

Name the 4 branchial arches?

A
  1. I
  2. II
  3. III
  4. IV/VI
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12
Q

How many are made initially?

A

Produces 6

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13
Q

How is there only 4 left?

A

V is lost

IV/VI fuse

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14
Q

What does the IV/VI give rise to?

A

Forms the thyroid and cuneiform catilage of the larynx

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15
Q

Visual on the location of the branchial arches?

A

AS41

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16
Q

What day did the branchial arches change?

A

Day 21

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17
Q

What week of develop do the arches appear?

A

4th-5th week of development

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18
Q

What does the first branchial arch form?

A

Cleft: Skin of jaw

Pounch: Auditory tube

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19
Q

What does the second branchial arch form?

A

**Cleft: **External component of middle ear

**Pounch: **Tonsils and lymphaties

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20
Q

What does the third branchial arch form?

A

**Cleft: **Skin of ear

**Pounch: **Thymus and thyroid

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21
Q

What does the 4th/6th branchial arch form?

A

**Cleft: **Neck

**Pounch: **Thyroid

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22
Q

What 3 things does each brancial arch have?

Why are they important?

A
  1. Nerve suuply for neurogenesis
  2. Blood supply for angiogenesis
  3. Cartilage and connective tissue
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23
Q

What does neural crest cells arise from?

A

Ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube.

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24
Q

What kind of potency is neural crest cells?

A

Multipotent.

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25
Q

What do molecular quos do to the neural crest cells

A

Tell the cells to migrate downwards and begin the differentiation into the tissue types at each branical arch.

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26
Q

Molecular induces and repressors control?

A

Gene expression through Slug/Snail zinc finger transcription factors.

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27
Q

What do slug/snail control?

What acts on these transcription factors?

A

Controls cell proliferation, migration, cell-cell adhesion.

A series of growth factors act on it

28
Q

Location of the neural crest cells and how they form the ball of cells before they differentiate?

A

AS42

29
Q

What does the neural crest cells form when they migrate into branchial arches?

A

Form the forebrain, hindbrain and midbrain regions

30
Q

Migration of neural crest cells are regulated by what genes?

A

Hox gene expression

31
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency in the Hox gene expression?

A

Leads to cranio-facial abnormalities

32
Q

What is a regulator of the Hox gene expression?

A

Retinoic acid

33
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to what kind of tissues?

A

All of them

34
Q

What skeletal structure does each branchial arch form?

A

Arch 1: Bones of skull and face including ear bones.

Arch 2: Styloid process

Arch 3: Hyoid bone.

Arch 4/6: Thyroid cartilage

AS43

35
Q

What is the neural tube segmented into during early development?

A

Rhombomeres

36
Q

What determines the segmentation and neural crest cells properties in each rhombomere?

A

Hox genes

37
Q

How many rhombomeres are there?

A

R1->8

38
Q

Where do the rhomobomeres lie?

A

In the hindbrain

39
Q

Expression of what gene effects the R1 & R2?

A

OTX 2

40
Q

Expression of what gene effects the R4?

A

HOXA2

41
Q

Expression of what genes effects the R6 & R7?

A

HOXA3

HOXB3

HOXD3

42
Q

What nerve innervates what rhomobomeres?

A

AS44

43
Q

What rhombomeres lie in the arch 1?

A

R1, R2, R3

44
Q

What rhombomeres lie in arch2?

A

R4 and half of R5

45
Q

What rhombomeres lie in arch3?

A

Half of R5 and R6

46
Q

What rhombomeres lie in arch4/6?

A

Half of R6

R7

R8

47
Q

What 4 nerves innervate the rhombomeres?

A
  1. Trigeminal nerve
  2. Facial nerve
  3. Glossophoryneal
  4. Vagus nerve
48
Q

When does the lung bud appear?

A

In the 4th week

49
Q

What is the other name for lung bud?

A

Respiratory diverticulum

50
Q

What is the appearance and location of the lung bud dependent on?

A

The increase in retinoic acid

51
Q

What produces Retinoic acid?

A

Produced by adjacent mesoderm

52
Q

What do the migrating neural crest cells form?

A

A vascular arch within each branchial arch

53
Q

When the vascular arches link together they form?

A

Form the aortic arch at junction with the heart

54
Q

Anterior vascular arches form?

A

The major arteries of the head and neck

55
Q

Location of the brancial arches as well are a diagram for the migrating neural crest cells

A

AS45

56
Q

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

A

A secreted growth factor that drives capillary growth by inducing neural crest cells to differentiate into endothelial cells that line the blood vessel cell wall.

AS46

57
Q

What happens during week 5-6

A

Arteries in arch 1 and 2 form

Degrade in later embryonic development

58
Q

What happens to arch 4 during weeks 5-6?

A

Subclavian (right and left) and aortic arch is formed

AS47

59
Q

What happens to arch 3 during weeks 5-6?

A

Internal cartoid is formed

AS47

60
Q

What happens to arch 2 during weeks 5-6?

A

Stapedial degrades

AS47

61
Q

What happens to arch 1 during weeks 5-6?

A

Maxillary degrades

AS47

62
Q

What happens to arch 6 during weeks 5-6?

A

Right and left pulmonary artery is formed.

AS47

63
Q

Give 4 examples of branchial arch abnormailities

A
  1. Crovzan syndrome
  2. Goldenhar-syndrome
  3. DiGeorge Syndrome
  4. Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries
64
Q

Crovzan syndrome?

A

Defective branchial arch 1 formation.

Jaw and dental malformation

65
Q

Goldenhar- syndrome?

A

Defective branchial arch 1 and 2 formation.

Incomplete development of the ear, nose, soft palate, lip and mandible

66
Q

DiGeorge syndrome?

A

Malformation of 3rd/4th branchial pouches.

Failure of thymus and parathyroid gland development

67
Q

Dextro-transposition of the great arteries?

A

Two seperate loops.

Taking oxygenated blood to the lungs.

Take deoxygenated blood to the tissues.

Surgery necessary

E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically (15 decks)

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