Branching Morphogenesis 1

Question 1

Charles Darwin (1859)

Answer 1

Theory of natural selection formed around variation in common body structures.

Question 2

Gregor Mendel (1865)

Answer 2

Estabalished the fundamental laws of genetic inheritance

Question 3

Walter Flemming (1882)

Answer 3

Discovery of chromatin led to first description of mitosis

Question 4

D’Archy Wentworth Thompson (1884)

Answer 4

Establish body shape product of gene function constrained by environment

Question 5

Physical laws govern?

Answer 5

Pattern formation in nature

Question 6

what can occur if you change the physical interactions?

Answer 6

You can morph the body shape of one into the other.

eg. chimps into humans

Question 7

Geometry of spirals?

Answer 7

Take the ratio for each rectangle to other.

Same ratio for each

1:0.618

AS50

Question 8

What is the golden section?

Known as what number?

Answer 8

1:0.618

Known as the fibonacci number

Question 9

Give examples of the golden ratio?

Answer 9

Ratio between height-foot and navel-foot.

Ratio between chin/eyeline : lip/eyeline

AS50

Question 10

What is said about the people with features closer to the golden ratio?

Answer 10

They are more beautiful

Question 11

Branching morphogenesis?

Describe the lungs?

Answer 11

The lungs are a blind ended sac in a small area.

Ultimate packaging problem

Question 12

Mendelbrot’s Fractal Tree Model?

Answer 12

Branch structure with 23 generations.

Branches in a spiral shape

Golden section when spiralling

AS51

Question 13

What additional models show similar branching characteristics?

Answer 13

Airways and vascular tubes in the upper airways

Question 14

What happens to the rate of vascular branching in Acinus

Answer 14

Acinus: respiratory zone

Increases in gas exchange

Question 15

Graphical representation of the lung with regulators at each point

Answer 15

AS51

Question 16

Inducer?

Answer 16

Induce the outgrowth

Question 17

Elongate?

Answer 17

Long tube

Question 18

Stopper?

Answer 18

Stop the elongation at a particular point

Question 19

Bifurcate?

Answer 19

Causes the splitting

Question 20

How does the formation and branching occur?

Answer 20

AS52

Question 21

When does lung development finish?

Answer 21

Day 26

6 weeks

Question 22

Nkx2.1

Answer 22

Transcription factor

Expressed in respiratory and thyroid domains

Question 23

Where is the lung formed?

Answer 23

As an outpocket of the ventral foregut

Question 24

Formation of the lung?

AS53

Answer 24

1. Tranchea buds from ventral fore-gut endoderm.
2. Lungs buds form from lateral fore-gut endoderm and extend latrally into adjacent mesoderm.
3. Trachea grows ventrally and separates from the fore-gut.
4. By day 11.5, the trachea and esophagus are clearly seperated.

Question 25

How many airways lobes are found in the left lung?

Answer 25

2 lobes

AS53

Question 26

How many airway lobes are found in the right lung?

Answer 26

3 lobes

Question 27

What day is the 2 lobes produced?

Answer 27

day 10.5

Question 28

What day is the 3rd lobe produced?

Answer 28

Day 12

Question 29

FGF10?

Answer 29

Induces the outgrowth of the airway tube.

Secreted by mesenchymal cells in regions adjacent to the Nkx2.1 primed.

AS54

Question 30

Shh?

Answer 30

Supresses of FGF10

The stopper (determining the length of the tube)

Secreted by the foregut epithelium as it grows towards the FGF-10 cue.

Question 31

What determines the position of the lungs?

Answer 31

The heart

It develops first and determines the position

Question 32

What transcriptional factor does FGF isoforms induce?

Answer 32

Nkx2.1 expression

In thyroid and respiratory tissue

Question 33

What are the other growth factors involved?

Answer 33

BMP

Tbx

FoxF1

Gli2

Gli3