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E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically > Branching Morphogenesis 2 > Flashcards

Branching Morphogenesis 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What signal induces the formation?

A

Nkx2.1

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2
Q

The repeating sequence for the formation of the lung can be described as?

A

A dampened repeat

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3
Q

Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF):

How many members?

What does it do?

A

FGF1->23.

Plays a role in development

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4
Q

Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF):

What secretes it?

A

Specialised populations of mesoderm derived mesenchymal cells

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5
Q

Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF):

Site of action?

A

On the epithelial cells that line the endodermal tube

Binds to the herparon sulfrates present on cell surface proteoglycans

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6
Q

Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors

A

Family of tyrosine kinase receptors

Encoded by 4 genes

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7
Q

FGF-10 induces?

A

Growth factor signalling

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8
Q

Growth factor signalling?

A

AS55

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9
Q

mTOR?

A

Induces a growth cell

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10
Q

What is effected by the duration that the FGFr is activated for?

A

The shape of the lungs

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11
Q

Epithelial buds moves towards a region which was expression?

A

FGF-10

AS57

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12
Q

FGF-10 is a chemo-attractant for?

A

Endodermal epithelium

ie. the bud moves towards the FGF-10 expression and when this expresion is moved sideways it causes another bud to form

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13
Q

FGF-10 requires what other growth factors?

A

FGF7

IGF

HGF

EGF

PDGF

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14
Q

What happens at week 5 to the lungs?

A

Each bud enlarges to form right and left main bronchi.

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15
Q

How many bronchi for the right lung?

A

Forms 3

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16
Q

How many bronchi for the left lung?

A

Forms 2 bronchi

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17
Q

What does the lung buds expand into due to growth in caudal and lateral directions?

A

Expand into the body cavity

AS53

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18
Q

Visceral pleura?

A

AS56

The mesoderm that coveres the outside of the lungs develops into this

19
Q

Parietal pleura?

A

The somatic mesoderm layer, covering the body wall from inside becomes this

AS56

20
Q

How does branching be enduced?

A

AS57

21
Q

What FGF receptor does FGF10 bind to?

A

FGFR2

22
Q

Sprouty gene?

A

Antagonistic signalling

Functions to control the length of the airway between branches

Acts a molecular timing mechanism that regulates tube length and branching intensity

23
Q

What happens to the cell growth as it goes towards a region of FGF10?

A

Rapid proliferation

Tube elongation

24
Q

Sprouty2?

A

Regulates signalling via ERK1&2 and mTOR

Control airway cell maturation

25
Q

What does ERK1 & 2 activity determine?

A

The angle of cell division

26
Q

What happens to the angle of cell division when ERK1& 2 are inhibited?

A

Longitudinal growth

27
Q

What happens to the angle of cell division when ERK1& 2 are activated?

A

Perpendicular cell division

28
Q

When is sprouty2 produced?

A

When the FGF10 binds to FGFR2

29
Q

When there is a high FGF10 level?

A

as58

30
Q

What is the expression for tube elongation

A

AS58

Increase FGF10

Increase Spry2

Inhibited ERK1/2

31
Q

What is the expression for tube branching?

A

AS58

Decrease FGF10

Decrease Spry2 activity

Activation of ERK1/2

32
Q

mTOR activation?

A

Proliferation

Induce protein synthesis

Control cell size

Induces cell proliferation

33
Q

ERK1/2 activation?

A

Maturation

Direction of tube growth.

Induces phenotypic differentiation towards specific cell types.

34
Q

Ras and Raf?

A

G-proteins

Activate MEK by passing GDP to GTP onto the Ras

35
Q

Sprouty and degradation?

A

Sprouty presents substrates to a ubiquitin tagging protein called Ccbl.

Degrades this protein.

36
Q

How does Grb2 able to bind?

A

AS59

37
Q

How does FGF expression activate Spry activity?

A

AS59

38
Q

TSC1 & 2?

A

Inhibitors of mTOR.

It holds Rheb in its inactive GDP bound form.

39
Q

what happens when TSC1 & 2 degrades?

A

Rheb able to bind

AS60

40
Q

How does sprouty activate mTOR signalling?

A

AS60

Degrades TSC1 & 2

41
Q

Wnt?

A

Present in mesylchyme

Constrained by DKK

42
Q

FGF10 is secreted and activates?

A

Secreted from mesenchyme

Activates FGFR2b in epithelium.

43
Q

Active Spry2?

A

Promotes mTOR complex cell differentiation.

Advances the airways tube tip towards the FGF-10 signal

ERK1/2 activity is inhibited in this zone by the spry2 activity.

44
Q

Sustained spry2 activity?

A

Advancing tip induces a time-dependent increase in the branch generator genes: Shh, Wnt, DKK

E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically (15 decks)

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