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GCSE Biology > Breathing & Circulation > Flashcards

Breathing & Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the air go after the trachea?

A

It splits into two tubes called the ‘bronchi’- each going in to one lung

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2
Q

What the happens to the bronchi?

A

They split into smaller tubes called bronchioles

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3
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin walls
  • Good blood supply
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4
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange

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5
Q

Describe what happens when you breath in?

A
  • the intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribcage up
  • the diaphragm contracts and flattens out
  • thorax volume increases
  • this means the air pressure inside the lungs is less than the air pressure outside, so air is drawn in
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6
Q

Describe what happens you breath out?

A
  • The intercostal muscles relax and the ribcage moves down
  • The diaphragm becomes dome-shaped again
  • The volume in the thorax decreases
  • The air pressure inside increases, so air is leaves the lungs
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7
Q

What do some people need to help them breathe?

A

Artificial ventilators

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7
Q

What are the two types of artificial ventilators?

A

Negative and positive pressure ventilators

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8
Q

How does a negative pressure ventilator work?

A

It uses a sealed case around the patients chest. Air is pumped out of the case so the pressure drops around the chest. This makes the lungs expand and air is drawn into them. Air is then pumped into the case to produce the opposite effect - air leaves the lungs.

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9
Q

How does a positive pressure ventilator work?

A

It works by pumping air into the lungs, which expands the ribcage. When it stops pumping, the ribcage relaxes and pushes air back out of the lungs.

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10
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of releasing energy form the breakdown of glucose

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11
Q

Where do most the reactions of aerobic respiration occur?

A

In mitochondria

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12
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water

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13
Q

What is the symbol equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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14
Q

What is respiration used for?

A
  • To build up larger molecules from smaller ones
  • In animals it is used to allow the muscles to contract
  • In mammals & birds it is used to keep the body temperature steady in colder surroundings
  • In plants it is used to build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids, which form proteins
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15
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used?

A

When you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles

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16
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> Lactic acid

17
Q

What is the symbol equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3

18
Q

Give two downsides of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Lactic acid causes muscle fatigue - the muscles get tied and then stop contracting efficiently
  • Anaerobic doesn’t release nearly as much energy as aerobic respiration
19
Q

What does anaerobic respiration lead to?

A

Oxygen debt

20
Q

What does it mean if you have an oxygen debt?

A

You have to keep breathing for a while after you stop excersiziing, to get more oxygen into your blood. Blood flows through your muscles to remove lactic acid.

21
Q

What do the heart valves do?

A

Stop the blood from flowing in the wrong direction

22
Q

Describe how the pumps blood around the body

A
  • blood flows into the tow atria via the vena cava(right) and pulmonary vein (left)
  • the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricle
  • the ventricles contract, forcing blood into the pulmonary artery(right) and aorta(left) and out of the heart
  • the blood flows to the organs from the arteries and return thought the veins
  • the atria fill again and the cycle repeats
23
Q

Where is the pacemaker in the heart?

A

Right atrium

23
Q

How do these cells work?

A

They produce a small electrical impulse which spreads to the surrounding muscles causing them to contract

24
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel?

A

Artery, vein & capillary

25
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart to the organs and tissues

26
Q

Why are the walls of arteries strong and elastic?

A

Because the heart pumps blood out at high pressure

27
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They are involved in the exchange of materials in the organs and tissues

27
Q

How does having thin walls help capillaries?

A

It increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.

28
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry the blood back to the heart

29
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To stop blood flowing the wrong way

30
Q

What do platelets do?

A

They help the blood clot at wound

32
Q

Give an advantage of an artificial heart

A

They’re less likely to be rejected as they are made of metal or plastic so the body doesn’t see them as foreign

34
Q

Give a disadvantage of an artificial heart

A
  • Surgery can lead to bleeding or infection

- Blood doesn’t flow through it as smoothly, which can lead to blood clots and strokes

35
Q

What are the two types of artificial valve?

A

Biological and mechanical

37
Q

Give two reasons why someone might need an artificial valve

A
  • damage to the valve may cause the valve tissue to stiffen, so it won’t open properly
  • the valve may become leaky so it allows blood to flow in both directions rather than forward
38
Q

Give an advantage of an artificial heart valve

A

Replacing a valve is much less drastic than a whole heart transplant

39
Q

Give a disadvantage of an artificial valve

A

Fitting it still requires major surgery and there can be problems with blood clots

40
Q

What does a stent do?

A

It keeps the artery open, allowing blood to pass though to the heart muscles

41
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary artery gets blocked by fatty deposits. This makes the arteries go narrow, so the blood flow is restricted and there is a lack of oxygen to the heart, which can cause a heart attack

GCSE Biology (12 decks)

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