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Brian, Hayden, Brendan, Nathan Deck > Brian, Hayden, Brendan, Nathan Deck > Flashcards

Brian, Hayden, Brendan, Nathan Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Antiparallel

A

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.

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2
Q

Aquaporin

A

A channel protein that specifically allows water molecules to diffuse across a plasma membrane much quickly than they would without it.

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3
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving popualtion is no longer genetically representaive of the original population.

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4
Q

Calvin cycle

A

The second stage of photosynthesis involving fixation of carbon dioxide and reduction of the fixed carbon into a carbohydrate.

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4
Q

Capsid

A

The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped polyhedral, or more complex in shape.

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4
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Large membranous sac in the middle of adult plant cells. Performs diverse roles in growth, and sequestration of toxic materials.

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4
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

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5
Q

Chi-squared formula and its meaning

A

Chi-squared statistic = (o-e)^2/e

If the chi-squared value is grater than the 0.05 value for the correct degrees of freedom, the sample does not have the claimed proportions.

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5
Q

Conjugation in Bacteria

A

Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell. Requires the presence of a piece of DNA called the F factor, to form a sex pilus.

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6
Q

Cytokinin

A

A plant hormone that slows cell aging and acts with auxin to stimulate cell division and influence the pathway of differentiation.

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7
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to one another through the removal of a water molecule.

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8
Q

Difference between division of plant and animal cells

A

In animal cells a cleavage furrow forms during cytokinesis, the cytoplasm is split into two equal sections as the cell is pinched in two.

In plant cells vesicles are formed and migrate to the middle of the cell where they condense and form a cell plate which divides the cells.

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10
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Joins the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand on the lagging strand.

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11
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand

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12
Q

Eukarya

A

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.

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13
Q

F1 generation

A

The first filial, hybrid offspring arising from a parental cross.

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15
Q

F2 Generation

A

The offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.

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16
Q

Family

A

In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above genus.

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17
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.

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17
Q

fission

A

The separation of an organism into two or more individuals of approximately equal size.

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18
Q

Food chain

A

The pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers.

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19
Q

food vacuole

A

a membrane sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.

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21
Q

food web

A

The interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem.

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22
Q

fovea

A

THe place on the retina at the eye’s center of focus, where cones are highly concentrated.

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23
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene, not in a multiple of 3.

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24
Q

G protein

A

A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.

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25
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein molecules based on size using an electric field applied to a gel matrix.

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26
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to another.

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27
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels. It promotes glycogen breakdown and release of glucose by the liver.

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28
Q

Hardy Weinberg

A

P^2 is the frequency of homozygous dominant, 2PQ is the frequency of heterozygous, and q^2 is the frequency of homozygous recessive.

Overall equation, p + q =1

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29
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring that results from the mating of individuals from two different species or from two true-breeding varieties of the same species.

29
Q

Helicase

A

Helicase is an enzyme that unwinds and separates the two strands of the DNA double helix.

30
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction that breaks the bonds between two molecules through the addition of water.

This process is used to break polymers down into monomers.

31
Q

Invasive species

A

A species, often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range.

33
Q

Ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge.

34
Q

Iris

A

The colored part of the vertebrate eye, formed by the anterior portion of choroid.

35
Q

Isopod

A

A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, fresh-water, and marine species. Among the terrestrial isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice.

36
Q

lactation

A

The continued production of milk from the mammary glands.

37
Q

Leading vs Lagging strand

A

The leading template strand is READ in the 3’-5’ direction, meaning that continuous replication can occur on the replicon in the 5’-3’ direction until the end of the template strand is reached.

The replication of the lagging template strand must occur in small segments as the DNA duplex unwinds because unzipping occurs in the 5’-3’ direction. These small segments are also created in the 5’-3’ direction and are covalently bonded together by ligase.

38
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together.

40
Q

Lytic cycle

A

A type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.

40
Q

Macrophage

A

A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell.

41
Q

Microtubule

A

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia.

42
Q

Obligate Aerobe

A

An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.

44
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication

45
Q

Operon

A

A promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway.

47
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane.

47
Q

Operon

A

Inducible: A gene system, often encoding a coordinated group of enzymes involved in a catabolic pathway, is inducible if an early metabolite in the pathway causes activation, usually by interaction with and inactivation of a repressor, of transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes.

Repressible:

Synthesis of a coordinated group of enzymes, involved in a single synthetic (anabolic) pathway, is repressible if excess quantities of (usually) the end product of the pathway leads to cessation of transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes of the pathway.

49
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another organism while on or in the organisms.

50
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction, used to create many copies of specific sequences of DNA identified by a forward and reverse primer.

51
Q

Pilus

A

In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to antoher at the start of conjugation; also known as a sex pilus or conjugation pilus.

52
Q

Plasmid

A

A linear or circular double-stranded DNA that is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA.

Carries genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome.

53
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

54
Q

Primer

A

An RNA chain synthesized by primase and used to signal where the DNA replication will begin.

55
Q

Recessive Allele

A

An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.

56
Q

Replication Fork

A

A replication fork is the junction where the double-stranded DNA splits apart into 2 single strands

57
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Restriction enzymes are DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria.

A restriction enzyme recognizes and cuts DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides. Can be used to destroy phage DNA

58
Q

Retrovirus

A

An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome. HIV is a retrovirus.

59
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Reduces strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands during DNA replication

60
Q

Transduction

A

Bacteriophages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another.

61
Q

Transformation

A

The genotype of a prokaryotic cell is altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings.

62
Q

What does a kinetochore do?

A

It links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.

63
Q

What does an electrochemical gradient do?

A

It drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane 1. chemical force based on an ions concentration gradient. 2. the other is an electrical force based on the effect of the membrane potential on the ion’s movement ion diffuses down its electrochemical gradient

64
Q

What is a beta pleated sheet

A

One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.

65
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.

66
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

67
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A virus that uses reverse transcriptase to transcibe DNA from RNA

68
Q

What is an allosteric site?

A

A specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site.

69
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.

70
Q

What is codominance?

A

A phenotypic situation in which the two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

71
Q

What is fermentation?

A

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

72
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A

The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents.

73
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

A type of inheritance in which F1 hybrids have an appearance that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the parental varieties.

74
Q

What is the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A

A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.

75
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP.

76
Q

What is the krebs cycle and what does it do?

A

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.

Brian, Hayden, Brendan, Nathan Deck (1 decks)

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