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From Flashcardlet > Building Construction > Flashcards

Building Construction Flashcards

0
Q

An external force that acts on a structure is call a?

A

Load

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1
Q

Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes.

A

Loads

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2
Q

The internal forces that resist the load are called _______ or ______.

A

Stress or strain

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3
Q

_____ is the force per unit area that produces deformation.

A

Stress

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4
Q

_________ is the actual percentage of elongation that occurs when a material is stressed.

A

Strain

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5
Q

4 types of forces.

A
  • compression
  • tension
  • torsion
  • shear
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6
Q

______ force squeezes a structural member

A

Compression

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7
Q

_____ forces stretch a member

A

Tensile

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8
Q

______ force is a twisting force resulting form application of torque.

A

Torsional

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9
Q

______ forces occur within. A member when opposing forces pull the member in opposite directions.

A

Shear

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10
Q

Weight of the building itself and any equipment attached to it or built in.

A

Dead loads

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11
Q

Fire resistance is closely related to _______.

A

Mass

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12
Q

Any load other than dead load.

A

Live load

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13
Q

Accounts for large heavy objects in a building. Heavy loads located at one point in a building. Higher ppsf than a live load requirements.

A

Concentrated load

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14
Q

Any non-dead load added after construction.

A

Added live load. Ie. master streams.

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15
Q

Load delivered quickly.

A

Impact load (jumping onto a roof, impact of a plane)

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16
Q

A load applied slowly and remain constant(a heavy safe)

A

Static load

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17
Q

Load that is applied intermittently

A

Repeated load

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18
Q

A force that passes through the center of the section. The load is perpendicular to the plane of the section. Load is applied evenly.

A

Axial load.

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19
Q

A force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but does not pass through the center, thus bending the supporting members.

A

Eccentric load

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20
Q

Represents the potential fuel available to fire and total amount of potential energy(heat) in the fuel.

A

Fuel load.

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21
Q

Represents the ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress.

A

Safety factor.

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22
Q

Two materials can be combined to take advantage of the best characteristics of each.

A

Composite material.

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23
Q

Elements assembled together into a structure are called a _____ ______.

A

Structural frame.

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24
Q

These transmit forces perpendicular to the reaction points(points of support)

A

Beams

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25
Q

The load places onto a beam is a _______ load.

A

Superimposed

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26
Q

______ causes top of beam to shorten(compression) and bottom of beam elongates (tension).

A

Deflection

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27
Q

Capacity increases by the ______ of its depth.

A

Square.

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28
Q

Capacity increases only in direct proportion to_____ ____ _____

A

Increase in width.

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29
Q

7 types of beams

A 
Simple
Continuous 
Fixed
Overhanging
Bracket
Joist
Girder
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30
Q

This beam is supported at 2 points near ends.

A

Simple

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31
Q

This beam is supported at 3 or more points.

A

Continuous

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32
Q

This type of beam is supported and rigidly fixed at 2 points.

A

Fixed

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33
Q

This type of beam projects beyond support

A

Overhanging

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34
Q

This type of beam a diagonal member supports what otherwise would be cantilevered.

A

Bracket

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35
Q

A beam of wood or steel

A

Joist

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36
Q

Any beam of any material that supports other beams.

A

Girder

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37
Q

Beam that spans openings in masonry wall.

A

Lintel

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38
Q

A series of closely spaced beams to carry a heavy load.

A

Grillage

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39
Q

Rigidly fixed and supported at one end.

A

Cantilever

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40
Q

Simple beam with one or both ends suspended on a tension member.

A

Suspended beam.

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41
Q

Beam that moves laterally.

A

Transfer beam.

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42
Q

Resulting of force exerted by a beam on a support.

A

Reaction

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43
Q

Load that will bend or break the beam.

A

Bending moment.

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44
Q

A triangle or group of triangles arranged in a single plane such that loads applied at the intersection points will cause only direct stress.

A

Trusses.

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45
Q

Components of a truss?

A

Chords

Web

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46
Q

Top and bottom members of a truss?

A

Chords

47
Q

Inner portion of a truss?

A

Web

48
Q

Top cord of a truss is?

A

Compression

49
Q

Bottom cord of a truss is?

A

Tension

50
Q

Problems with trusses?

A

One element fails the entire truss fails.

Gusset plates are affected by heat.

51
Q

These transmit a compressive force along a strait path.

A

Columns

52
Q

_____ and ____ are non vertices columns.

A

Struts or rakers

53
Q

Columns lose strength by the square of the change in ______.

A

Length

54
Q

Short, squat columns or piers fail by______.

A

Crushing

55
Q

Long, slender columns fail by_____.

A

Buckling

56
Q

Intermediate columns can fail by?

A

Crushing or buckling.

57
Q

These transmit the compression forces applied along the top or received at any point.

A

Walls.

58
Q

Types of non-load bearing walls.

A

Veneer walls
Panel walls(curtain walls)
Partition walls

59
Q

Panel walls are ___ stories.

A

1

60
Q

Curtain walls are ___ stories.

A

More than 1 story

61
Q

Load bearing wall common to 2 structures?

A

Party walls.

62
Q

Used to contain fire spread, but any penetrations in the wall that do not meet the fire resistance requirements will allow fire to spread through the wall.

A

Fire wall

63
Q

An example of a cantilever wall is.

A

Tilt slab wall

64
Q

Types of wall bracing.

A 
Serpentine
Buttresses
Pilasters
Wall columns
Cavity or hollow
65
Q

Homogenous walls act as?

A

One unit

66
Q

This is vital to the stability of the structure.

A

Roof

67
Q

These combine the function of the beam and column.

A

Arches

68
Q

Arches tend to ____ ______ at the bases.

A

Push outward

69
Q

These tend to be found in industrial and commercial buildings.

A

Steel rigid frames.

70
Q

These are usually found in churches.

A

Wooden rigid frames

71
Q

Elements are connected by simple connections such as bolts, rivets, or welded joints.

A

Pinned

72
Q

Connections are strong enough to route forces if a member is removed.

A

Rigid frame building

73
Q

Shorter beams that are spliced together with metal connections to produce the desired length.

A

Spliced beams.

74
Q

Issues of fire in a building under construction?

A

Collapse

Progressive collapse.

75
Q

Steel fails at what temperature?

A

About 100-1100 degrees F

76
Q

Cold drawn steel fails when?

A

800 degrees F

77
Q

Fire requires what 4 elements.

A

Heat
Fuel
Oxidizer
Uninhibited chemical chain reaction

78
Q

3 types of heat transfer

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

79
Q

A combustible material ignites spontaneously.

A

Autoignition.

80
Q

Vertices spread of fire on the exterior of a multi story building.

A

Autoexposure

81
Q

4 stages of fire?

A

Incipient
Free burning
Flashover
Smoldering/decay

82
Q

5 components of fire.

A

Fire plume
Smoke
Heated gasses
Neutral plane

83
Q

Construction factors influencing fire behavior?

A 
Combustible interior finishes 
Vertical openings 
Height of fire room
Proximity of walls to each other 
HVAC systems
84
Q

Burning of heated gaseous products when oxygen is introduce into an environment who’s oxygen supply has been depleted.

A

Backdraft

85
Q

Growth and spread of fire are influenced by?

A

Building construction

86
Q

Fire growth contents problems due to:

A

Furnishings
Interior finish/decorations
Mercantile stock

87
Q

Suspended ceilings of combustible tile form _____ ____.

A

Void spaces

88
Q

What is a hazard of remodeling a ceiling?

A

Removing of old is not required.

89
Q

Airborn solid and liquid particulates produced by fire containing CO, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and carbon dioxide.

A

Smoke

90
Q

How firefighters die?

A

Heart attacks
Smoke inhalation
Falls
Building collapse

91
Q

General Indicator of collapse.

A 
Cracks in walls
Leaning walls
Pitched or sagging floors.
Racked doorways
Building stabilization and bracing features
92
Q

Audible and physical indicators of collapse.

A 
Moaning/groaning sounds
Cracking noises
Any type of movement
Smoke pushing through cracks
Vibrations
93
Q

Types of collapse?

A

Global collapse
Partial collapse
Progressive collapse
Secondary collapse

94
Q

A building with skeleton of beams and columns that carry entire weight of the structure and contents mad of wood.

A

Wood framed

95
Q

To cut off the corners of a timber to retard ignition.

A

Chamfer

96
Q

Laminated timbers, wood modified from its natural state.

A

Engineered wood

97
Q

Planks glued together to form a solid timber.

A

Glued laminated timbers(lam beams)

98
Q

8 inches or more in the smallest dimension

A

Heavy timber

99
Q

Floor beams

A

Joists

100
Q

Use of solid wood members; not light weight wood trusses and wooden I-joists.

A

Legacy construction

101
Q

Board of layers of wood strands with fairly constant width-to-length ratio.

A

OSB

102
Q

Layers of wood veneer laid in different directions, glued together under pressure.

A

Plywood

103
Q

Flammable range of carbon monoxide?

A

12.3-74%

104
Q

Typically limit vertical movement.

A

Fire stop

105
Q

Limits horizontal movement.

A

Draft stops

106
Q

Maximum height of typeII construction(non-combustible)?

A

12 stories

107
Q

Max height of type I or(fire resistive) construction?

A

Unlimited height

108
Q

Steel starts to elongate at what temperature?

A

1000 degrees F

109
Q

At what temperatures do steel members fail?

A

1300 degrees F

110
Q

Cold drawn steel will fail at what temp?

A

800 degrees F

111
Q

At 1000 degrees F a steel member will expand ______ over 100 feet of length.

A

9 1/2”

112
Q

Type I construction?

A

Fire resistive construction.

113
Q

Type II construction?

A

Non-combustible construction

114
Q

Type III construction?

A

Ordinary construction

115
Q

Type IV construction?

A

Heavy timber construction.

116
Q

Type V construction.

A

Light weight wood frame construction.

From Flashcardlet (40 decks)

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