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Chemistry > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a particle?

A

A tiny bit of matter

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2
Q

What is the particle model?

A

A model that describes how particles move in solids, liquids and gases

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3
Q

Describe the particle model of a solid?

A

Particles are in a REGULAR arrangement with the relative distance between particles being VERY CLOSE. The particles only VIBRATE AROUND FIXED POSITIONS.

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4
Q

Describe the particle model of a liquid?

A

The particles are arranged RANDOMLY with the relative distance between particles being CLOSED and the particles MOVE AROUND EACH OTHER

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5
Q

Describe the particle model of gases

A

The particles are in a RANDOM arrangement with the particles being FAR APART from each other and they MOVE QUICKLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS

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6
Q

What does a particle model explain?

A

You can’t compress a solid
A solid has a fixed shape and cannot flow

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7
Q

What is a physical change?

A

When a substance changes state, shape or breaks and no new substances are made - it is easily reversible

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8
Q

What are examples of physical changes?

A

Freezing juice to make an ice lolly
Mixing sand with water
Dissolving sugar in water

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9
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

Produces one or more new substances and are extremely difficult to reverse

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10
Q

What are examples of chemical changes?

A

Cooking eggs and cake etc…
Steel rusting
An acid reading with an alkali to make a salt and water

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11
Q

What happens to particles in a physical change?

A

The particles move around each other and the arrangement of the particles change

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12
Q

What happens to particles in a chemical change?

A

Particles break up and join together in different ways - new substances are made

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13
Q

What is the diameter of a helium atom?

A

62 x 10^-12 M

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14
Q

What are electrostatic forces?

A

Attractive forces between positive and negative charges - they become weaker the further apart the particles are

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15
Q

What are the limitations of the particle model?

A

Forces between particles
Size of the particles
Space between the particles

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16
Q

What is an atom (relative to elements)?

A

The smallest particle of an element that still has its chemical properties

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17
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms joined together by attractive forces called chemical bonds

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18
Q

What is 1 nanometre?

A

1x10^-9 M

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19
Q

What is the bond length of an atom?

A

The distance between the centres of two joined atoms

20
Q

How is the size of an atom given?

A

By its atomic radius

21
Q

What is inside an atoms?

A

Mainly empty space but it contains 3 types of subatomic particles

22
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles?

A

Protons and neutrons joined together as the nucleus
Electrons surrounding the nucleus in shells

23
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of the subatomic particles?

A

Sub particle Relative mass Relative charge
Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0.0005 -1

24
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number at the bottom (smaller number) which gives the number of electrons/protons

25
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The top number (larger number) of an element which shows the total number of protons and neutrons

26
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Different atomic forms of the same element, they have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

27
Q

What is the mean distance between atoms?

A

-3.4 x 10^-9

28
Q

What is the diameter on an atom?

A

-6.2 x 10^-11

29
Q

What is the formula for ratio of distance to diameter?

A

Distance between atoms
————————————
Diameter of atom

30
Q

Why does a solid have a fixed shape rather than a liquid?

A

The solid has stronger intermolecular forces between particles than a liquid

31
Q

What is 1nm?

A

1 x 10^-9m

32
Q

What are the typical atomic diameters and bonds lengths?

A

1 x 10^-10m

33
Q

What is inside an atom?

A

Mainly empty space that contains negatively charged electrons, electrically neutral neutrons and positively charged protons

34
Q

What are ions?

A

Charged particles in which atoms have lost or gained electrons

35
Q

What did John Dalton suggest?

A

The atom was an impenetrable sphere
All matter is made from atoms
All atoms of an element are identical
Different elements contain different types of atoms

36
Q

When did John Dalton perform his discovery of his version of the atom?

A

1803

37
Q

What did J.J. Thompson suggest about the plum?

A

The plum pudding model - positive, penetrable sphere with negative electrons in it
Atoms contained electrons
Atoms are neutral overall

38
Q

How did J.J. Thompson come to his conclusion of the plum pudding model?

A

He found that beans of cathode rays changed direction in electric and magnetic fields

39
Q

When did J.J. Thompson make his discovery of the atom?

A

1897

40
Q

Who did Ernest Rutherford work with?

A

Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden

41
Q

How did Ernest Rutherford and his assistants come to his conclusion of the atom?

A

They fired beams of positively charged particles (alpha particles) at thin, gold foil
It was meant to go straight through but many changed direction slightly and some bounced back

42
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford and his assistant deduct from their experiment?

A

The atom has a positively charged nucleus containing most of its mass
Outside the nucleus were electrons that orbit around the nucleus

43
Q

What did Neil’s Bohr suggest about the atom?

A

He showed that electrons occupy fixed energy level or shells around the nucleus

44
Q

How did Neils Bohr come to his conclusion of the atom?

A

He realised the electrons would be attracted to the nucleus and would spiral inwards.
He used mathematical models to improve the model of the atom

45
Q

When did Rutherford determine his model of the atom?

A

1909

46
Q

When did Bohr determine his model of the atom?

A

1913

47
Q

What was the order of scientists who worked on the atom?

A

John Dalton - penetrable sphere
J.J. Thompson - plum pudding model
Ernest Rutherford - alpha particle experiment
Niels Bohr - electron energy shells

Chemistry (8 decks)

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