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Chemistry > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

0
Q

How much oxygen is in the atmosphere?

A

21%

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1
Q

How much nitrogen is in the atmosphere?

A

78%

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2
Q

How much argon and other noble gases in the atmosphere?

A

1%

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3
Q

What is the evolution of the atmosphere?

A
  1. Created by volcanic activity and consisted if CO2 and H20 vapour
  2. As the earth cooled the H20 vapour condensed to form oceans
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4
Q

What are pollutants?

A

Chemicals that can harm the environment and our health

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5
Q

What is Carbon Dioxide harmful to an why?

A

Environment

Traps heat in the atmosphere

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6
Q

What is Nitrogen oxide harmful to an why?

A

Environment and humans

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7
Q

What is Sulfur Dioxide harmful to an why?

A

Environment

Causes acid rain

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8
Q

Why is particulates harmful to an why?

A

Environment and humans

Makes buildings dirt and can make asthma and lung infections worse if inhaled

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9
Q

Why is carbon monoxide harmful to an why?

A

Humans

Prevents the blood from carryin oxygen to the rest of the body which can be fatal

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10
Q

How do you measure concentration?

A

PPM or PPB

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11
Q

Why is it important to repeatedly measure pollutants?

A

Depending on the time of day the amount of traffic and weather can changed

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12
Q

What does repeat measurements allow chemists to do?

A

Calculate a mean which will give a good estimate of the true value of concentration of the pollutant

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13
Q

What are elements?

A

Building blocks of all materials

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14
Q

What are elements made from?

A

Tiny particles called atoms

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15
Q

How do you form molecules?

A

Join atoms together

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16
Q

What are compounds?

A

When two or more different elements chemically combine. The properties of compounds are different from the elements they’re formed from

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17
Q

What can happen in chemical reactions?

A

Joined atoms can be separated
Separate atoms can be joined
Join atoms can be separated and joined again in different ways

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18
Q

What is the word when the total mass of the products is the same as the reactant?

A

Mass is conserved

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19
Q

What is combustion?

A

A chemical reaction when a fuel reacts with oxygen and energy is released

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20
Q

What type of reaction is combustion?

A

An oxidation reaction

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21
Q

Where does the oxygen in combustion come from?

A

The air but fuels burn much easier and faster in pure oxygen

22
Q

What is coal made from?

A

Carbon

23
Q

What is the equation for when coal is burned?

A

C(s) + O2(g) -> CO2(g)

24
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

When there’s enough oxygen present for fuel to burn completely

25
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrogen and carbon atoms

26
Q

What does hydrocarbons produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

27
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion?

A

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) -> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

28
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

When fuel is burned and there’s not enough oxygen present

29
Q

What is produced in incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon particulates or carbon monoxide

30
Q

What is the equation when one methane particle has incomplete combustion?

A

CH4(g) + O2(g) -> C(s) + 2H20(l)

31
Q

What is the equations what 2 methane atoms experiences incomplete combustion?

A

2CH4(g)+3O2(g) -> 2CO(g) + 4H20 (l)

32
Q

Where does incomplete combustion occur?

A

Car engines

33
Q

What do exhaust emissions contain?

A

Carbon particulates, carbon monoxide as well carbon dioxide

34
Q

What else can coal contain?

A

Sulfur

35
Q

What is the equation for when sulfur (coal) is burned during incomplete combustion?

A

S(s) + 02(g) -> SO2(g)

36
Q

What causes nitrogen in the atmosphere to react with oxygen?

A

During the combustion of fuels, high temperatures

37
Q

When nitrogen in the atmosphere reacts with oxygen what is produced?

A

Nitrogen monoxide

38
Q

What happens when nitrogen monoxide is oxidized?

A

It produces nitrogen dioxide

39
Q

What is it called when NO and NO2 occur together?

A

NOx

40
Q

What is the equation when nitrogen reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

N2(g) + O2(g) -> 2NO(g)

41
Q

What is the equation with nitrogen monoxide is oxidised ?

A

2NO (g) + O2(g) -> 2NO2 (g)

42
Q

What effect does carbon particulates have on the environment?

A

It is deposited on surfaces such as stone buildings and making them sorry

43
Q

What natural processes remove CO2?

A

Plants for photosynthesis

Dissolves in rain and seawater where it reacts with other chemicals

44
Q

What do experiments shoea put carbon dioxide?

A

It is a green house gas and contributing to global warming and leading to climate change. Levels increase every year

45
Q

What happens with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react with water?

A

It produced acid rain

46
Q

What effect does acid rain have on the environment?

A

It corrodes metal, damages tees and upsets pH balance of rivers causing plants and animals to die

47
Q

How do you see the cause and effect relationship of acid rain?

A

Burning sulfur in oxygen and the. Dissolving the gas in water which forms a strongly acidic solution

48
Q

How do reduce power station emissions? 4 ways

A
  • Use less electricity
  • Remove sulfur and toxic chemicals from gas, coal and oil before burning
  • Using alternative renewable sources (solar, wind and hydroelectric energy)
  • Removing sulfur dioxide from flue(chimney) gases by wet scrubbing with either a spray of calcium oxide and water or using sea water
49
Q

How do you reduced car pollution?

A
  • using low-sulfur fuel in a car with a modern fuel efficient engine
  • legal limits for exhaust emissions enforced by the MOT
  • public transport
  • catalytic converters in cars which reduce CO and NO in the exhaust
  • burn fewer fossil fuels
50
Q

Why is burning fewer fossil fuels hard?

A

The population of the world is increasing every year and the demand for energy increases all the time

51
Q

Name two more ways to reduce car emissions

A

Electricity but must be produced renewable and biofuels instead of fossil fuels but use up farmland

52
Q

What is the equation for the reaction of carbon monoxide in a catalytic converter?

A

2CO(g) + 02(g) -> 2CO2(g)

53
Q

What is the equation for nitrogen monoxide in a catalytic converter?

A

2NO(g) + 2CO(g) -> N2(g) + 2CO2

Chemistry (3 decks)

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