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AQA GCSE Chemistry > C1 Atomic structure > Flashcards

C1 Atomic structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is distillation used for ?
A evaporating the liquid from a mixture to collect the solid.
B the separation of a liquid from a mixture using evaporation then condensation.
C the separation of solutes for analysis.
D the removal of salt from water

A

Distillation is used for the separation of a liquid from a mixture using evaporation then condensation

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2
Q

Explain what we mean by subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

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3
Q

Why does chlorine push bromine out of potassium bromide?

A

In a displacement reaction, a less reactive element is displaced by a more reactive element.

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4
Q

Explain what we mean by filtration

A

Filtration is a method for separating an insoluble solid from a liquid.

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5
Q

Explain what we mean by a mixture.

A

Mixtures can easily be be separated using their physical properties (such as size, boiling point or solubility)

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6
Q

Explain what we mean by an electron

A

Electrons are negatively charged tiny particles which are contained in shells around the nucleus.

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7
Q

Explain what we mean by electron configuration

A

This means the number of electrons in each shell. Helium would be 2, Lithium 2,,1 and Argon 2,8,8.

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8
Q

Explain what we mean by chemical formulae

A

The chemical formula of a compound tells you how many atoms of each element the molecule contains. e.g CuSO4

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9
Q

Who discovered that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells?

A

Neils Bohr discovered that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

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10
Q

Explain what we mean by chromatography

A

Paper chromatography is a method for separating dissolved substances from one another. It works because some of the coloured substances dissolve in the solvent used better than others, so they travel further.

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11
Q

Why does fractional distillation work?

A

Fractional distillation works because the liquids in the mixture have different boiling points.

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12
Q 
What is chromatography used for?
A to separate a solid from a liquid. 
B to separate out dissolved solids. 
C to separate a liquid from a solution. 
D to separate a mixture of liquids
A

Answer D: Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of liquids

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13
Q

How does paper chromatography work?

A

Paper chromatography works because some of the coloured substances dissolve in the solvent better than others, so they travel further up the paper.

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14
Q

Explain what we mean by an element.

A

An element is a substance that is made of only one sort of atom. They are listed in the periodic table.

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15
Q

Explain the difference between a compound and a mixture.

A

A mixture can easily be separated.

Compounds contain elements which have reacted chemically and are firmly attached to each other..

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16
Q

From the 3 sub atomic particles choose 2 which are the same size?

A

The proton and neutron are the same size.

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17
Q

Water has a boiling point of 100 °C. At what temperature does water evaporate?

A

Water evaporates when the top layer of particles reach 100 °C. Boiling means ALL the particles are at 100 C

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18
Q

How many protons or electrons are there in 56Fe26

A

There are 26 protons or electrons are in 56Fe26

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19
Q

Which 2 sub atomic particles have opposite charges which hold the atom together?

A

The electron is negative and the proton is positive

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20
Q

Iodine sublimes, what does that mean?

A

Sublimation means changes from solid to gas without going through a liquid phase.

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21
Q

Describe what Thomson’s plum pudding model looked like.

A

Thomson imagined that the atom was a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons dotted around inside, like plums in a pudding.

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22
Q

Explain what we mean by charges

A

Both protons and electrons have an electrical charge. Both have the same size of electrical charge, but the proton is positive and the electron negative. The neutron is neutral.

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23
Q

Explain what we mean by evaporation

A

Evaporation is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid. For example, copper sulfate is soluble in water – its crystals dissolve in water to form copper sulfate solution. During evaporation, the water evaporates away leaving solid copper sulfate crystals behind.

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24
Q

Explain what we mean by a neutron

A

Neutrons have no electrical charge; they are neutral.

25
Q

Explain what we mean by a compound

A

Compounds are chemicals made from atoms of different elements joined by chemical bonds. They can only be separated by a chemical reaction.

26
Q

Explain what we mean by distillation

A

Simple distillation is a method for separating the solvent from a solution. For example, water can be separated from salt solution by simple distillation. This method works because water has a much lower boiling point than salt. When the solution is heated, the water evaporates. It is then cooled and condensed into a separate container. The salt does not evaporate and so it stays behind.

27
Q

Explain what we mean by electron shells

A

Electrons are arranged in different shells around the nucleus. The innermost shell - or lowest energy shell - is filled first. Each succeeding shell can only hold a certain number of electrons before it becomes full. The innermost shell can hold a maximum of two electrons, the second shell a maximum of eight, and so on.

28
Q

Why do the substances separate in a chromatogram? A The solvent dissolves the substances and carries them up the paper. B Some of the substances evaporate before the others.C The solvent carries the substances at different speeds.D The solvent evaporates at different points up the chromatogram.

A

Answer C: Substances separate in a chromatogram because the solvent carries the substances at different speeds.

29
Q

Explain what we mean by a proton.

A

Protons and neutrons have the same mass, which is about 2,000 times larger than the mass of an electron.Protons and electrons have an electrical charge. This electrical charge is the same size for both, but protons are positive and electrons are negative.

30
Q

Does filtering separate option A, B, C or D? A a liquid from a solution B two solids in a mixture C a solid from a liquid D two liquids in a mixture.

A

Filtering separates C a solid from a liquid

31
Q

Explain what we mean by atomic mass

A

The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons it contains. The mass number of an atom is never smaller than the atomic number. It can be the same, but is usually bigger.

32
Q

If it has gained electrons an atom will become a ….

A

If it has gained electrons an atom will become a negative ion

33
Q

Why is the mass number of chlorine a decimal?

A

Because there are 2 isotopes of chlorine and they are both represented on the periodic table by their average value.

34
Q

When would fractional distillation be used?

A

Fractional distillation is used when the liquids are miscible. This means they mix together completely.

35
Q

What is an isotope?

A

In an isotope the atomic number remains the same (so it is the same (element) but the mass number changes. This is because the nucleus contains more/less neutrons.

36
Q

Explain what we mean by the atomic number

A

The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons it contains. All the atoms of a particular element have the same atomic number (number of protons). The atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. For example, all oxygen atoms have 8 protons and all sodium atoms have 11 protons.

37
Q

What experiment did Rutherford do to prove that Thomson’s plum pudding model was wrong?

A

Rutherford noticed the unexpected results when alpha particles were sent through a thin gold foil. A few obviously hit something large inside the atom because they were knocked backwards. He called this large obstacle the nucleus. Others flew straight through showing that the atom was mainly empty space. And another few veered off course as they were repelled by the positive nucleus.

38
Q

If it has lost electrons an atom will become a ….

A

If it has lost electrons an atom will become a positive ion

39
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom which has lost or gained electrons and so carries a charge.

40
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in each shell /orbit

A

Ist shell 2 electrons
2nd shell 8 electrons
3rd shell 8 electrons
4th shell 2 electrons

41
Q

Explain what we mean by an atom.

A

All substances are made of tiny particles called atoms. Until 150 years ago scientists thought that they were little round spheres. Now we know that atoms consist of electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons.

42
Q

All substances are made up of…

A

atoms

43
Q

What is the periodic table?

A

A table that lists all the chemical elements, with 8 main groups each containing elements with similar chemical properties.

44
Q

Elements contain:

A

Only 1 type of atom.

45
Q

Compounds contain:

A

More than 1 type of atom

46
Q

An atom is made up of:

A

A tiny nucleus at its centre, surrounded by electrons

47
Q

D. Law of conservation of mass

A

No new atoms are ever created or destroyed in a chemical reaction: the total mass of reactants = total mass of products

48
Q

What are the state symbols:

A

Solids (s)
Liquids (l)
Gases (g)
Aqueous Solutions (aq)

49
Q

Differences between compounds and mixtures

A

Compounds:
. Compounds have a fixed composition (the ratio of elements present is always the same in any particular compounds)
. Chemical reactions must be used to separate the elements in a compound.
. There are chemical bonds between atoms of the different elements in the compound.

Mixtures:
. Mixtures have no fixed composition (the proportions vary depending on the amount of each substance mixed together).
. The different elements or compounds in a mixture can be separated again more easily (by physical means using the differences in properties of each substance in the mixture.)
. There are no chemical bonds between atoms of the different substances in a mixture.

50
Q

D. Filtration

A

Separates substances that are insoluble in a particular solvent from those that are soluble in the solvent.

51
Q

D. Crystallization

A

The process of forming solid crystals from a solution by allowing the solvent to evaporate slowly.

52
Q

D. Solvent

A

A liquid where a substance (solute) is dissolved

53
Q

D. Distillation

A

The process used to separate liquids based on their boiling points. It involves heating a mixture of liquids to create vapor, which is then cooled and condensed to separate the liquids.

54
Q

Give three physical methods to separate mixtures:

A

. Filtration
. Crystallization
. Simple Distillation

55
Q

D. Fractional Distillation

A

Fractional Distillation is used to separate different liquids from amixture of liquids.
It is useful for separating miscible liquids such as ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water.
Also for separating different fractions from crude oil

56
Q

How does Fractional Distillation work?

A

Fractional distillation works because the different liquid have different boiling points. When the mixture is heated:

. vapours rise through a column which is hot at the bottom, and cooler at the top
. vapours condense when they reach a part of the column that is below the temperature of their boiling point
. each liquid is led away from the column

There are two ways of obtaining different liquids from the column:

. by collecting different liquids from different parts of the column - the substance with the lowest boiling point is collected at the top of the column
. by continuing to heat the mixture to increase the temperatures in the column - the substance with the lowest boiling point is collected first.

57
Q
A
58
Q
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AQA GCSE Chemistry (12 decks)

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