Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > C2 > Flashcards

C2 Flashcards

0
Q

What are some materials made from?

A

Living things e.g cotton and paper (plants), silk and wool (animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are materials?

A

Chemicals or a mixture of chemicals

E.g. Metals, polymers and ceramic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can materials be produced by?

A

Chemical synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is crude oil extracted from?

A

The Earths crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the petrochemical industry refine?

A

Crude oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does crude oil produce?

A

Fuel, lubricants and raw materials for chemical synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the state of crude oil?

A

A think black liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is crude oil made from?

A

Hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the molecules like in crude oil?

A

Some are small and some are long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is crude oil separated?

A

Fractional distillation into useful fractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the same hydrocarbons in a fraction have that is similar?

A

Boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do different fractions have?

A

Different boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why can crude oil be Serpentes by fractional distillation?

A

As it has a mixture of long and short molecules, each molecule has a different boiling point. Thus in fractional distillation they can be separated based on there boiling points to produce specific materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the first process of fractional distillation?

A

Crude oil is heated to evaporate all of the hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the second step of FD?

A

The vapour passes into the fractionating column near the bottom and cools down as it rises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the third step of FD?

A

Each fraction condenses to a liquid and runs off when it has cooled below it’s boiling point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the fourthl step of FD?

A

Any remaining gases leave the tower at the top and are used a gaseous fuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is conditions like at the top of the fractional tower?

A

It’s for small molecules with low boiling points that evaporate easily and burn easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is conditions at the bottom of the fractional tower like?

A

It’s for large molecules with a high. Piling point that don’t evaporate easily or burn easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can refinery gases/LPG be used for?

A

Bottled gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can petrol be used for?

A

Fuel for cars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can naphtha be used for?

A

Making other chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can kerosene/paraffin be used for?

A

Aircraft fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can diesel be used for?

A

Fuel for cars lorries and buses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

Fuel Power stations and ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do molecules have between them?

A

Forces that hold the molecules together in a solid or liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the forces between molecules called?

A

Intermolecular forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The longer the hydrocarbon molecule the….

A

Strong the intermolecular forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The shorter the hydrocarbon molecule the….

A

The weaker the intermolecular forces

29
Q

What do stronger I yet plexiglas forces need to overcome them?

A

More energy this a high temperature is needed to boil the longer hydrocarbon fractions

30
Q

What can the properties of a materials effect?

A

The durability and effectiveness of a product

31
Q

What do manufacturers need to do before they decide to use a material?

A

Test and assess them beforehand

32
Q

What is the properties of I vulcanised rubbers and the uses?

A

Low tensile strength and soft and flexible/elastic

Erasers and rubber hands

33
Q

What are the properties and uses of vulcanised rubbers?

A

High tensile strength and hard and flexible/elastic

Car tyres
Conveyor belts
Shock absorbers

34
Q

What are the properties and uses of polythene (plastic)?

A

Lightweight (low density) and flexible and easily moulded

Plastic bags
Moulded containers

35
Q

What are the properties and uses of polystyrene (plastic)?

A

Lightweight and stiff and good thermal insulator and water resistant

Meat trays
Egg cartons
Coffee cups
Protecting appliances and electronics

36
Q

What are the properties and uses of synthetic fibres - nylon?

A

Light weight and tough and waterproof and blocks ultraviolet rays

Clothing
Climbing ropes

37
Q

What are the properties and uses of synthetic fibres - polyester?

A

Lightweight and tough and water proof

Clothing
Bottles

38
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

Small hydrocarbon molecules (monomers) join to make longer molecules (polymers)

39
Q

What must be the same during a chemical reaction?

A

The number of atoms in the product must be the same as the reactant

40
Q

What can polymerisation be used for?

A

Crate a whose range of materials which have different properties for different purposes

41
Q

Why are natural materials replaced by polymers?

A

they have superior priorities

42
Q

Give an example of a polymer replacing natural materials

A

Cartier bags used to be made of paper now they’re made from polythene because they’re strong and waterproof

Window frames were made if wood now are made from polychloroethene because it’s unreactive and doesn’t rot

43
Q

How are properties of solids determined?

A

The arrangement of their particles and how they’re held together

44
Q

What bonds are natural rubber held together by?

A

Covalent bonds

45
Q

How strong are the forces between rubber molecules?

A

Very weak

46
Q

Why can rubber stretch?

A

The long polymer molecules and slide over one another

47
Q

What are the properties of natural rubber?

A

They are flexible and have a low melting point as little energy is needed to seperate them

48
Q

What is vulcanised rubber?

A

Mass of tangled molecules

49
Q

What are the chains in vulcanised rubber held together by?

A

Strong covalent bonds

50
Q

What do the molecules have in un vulcanised rubber?

A

Cross-links

51
Q

What is the properties of I vulcanised rubber?

A

Rigid and hard to stretch as molecules won’t slide over
Need lots of energy to seperate the molecules
Has a high melting temperature

52
Q

How increasing the chain length modify polymers?

A

There’s more contact this stronger forces between the molecules making the plastic strong

53
Q

How does cross links modify polymers?

A

Make the material harder, stronger and stiffer

54
Q

How do you form a cross link?

A

Atoms bonding between polymer molecules so they can no longer move

55
Q

How doors plasticizers modify polymers?

A

It makes it softer and flexible

56
Q

How do you form a plasticizer?

A

A small molecule that site between molecules and forces the chain apart making them weaker and molecules can move more easily

57
Q

What is plasticized PVC used for?

A

Children’s toys

58
Q

What is unplasticized PVC used in?

A

Window frames

59
Q

How a crystalline polymers formed?

A

Packing molecules closely

Together

60
Q

How does crystalline polymers effect the intermolecular forces?

A

They’re slightly more strong

61
Q

How do crystalline polymers modify polymers?

A

Makes it stronger, denser and have a higher melting point

62
Q

What is a nanoscale?

A

One millionth of a metre (width of a few atoms)

63
Q

How do nano particles occur?

A
  • Naturally eg sea spray
  • accidental result of human veto it’s (particular carbon releases when fuels burn)
  • deliberately by scientists NANOTECHNOLOGY T
64
Q

Why do nano particles have different properties to larger particles?

A

The smaller particles have a much larger surface area

65
Q

What is nanotechnology?

A

The production, study and control

Of tiny particles on nanoscales

66
Q

What are nanoscales used for?

A

The modify properties of other materials especially polymers

67
Q

Give two examples of nanotechnology

A
  • silver nano particles to give fibres in clothes antibacterial properties
  • adding carbon nanotubes to sports equipment like tennis rackets to make them stiffer stronger and lighter
68
Q

Why are people worries about nanatechnology?

A

That it hasn’t been tested thoroughly and could lead to health problems

69
Q

What has to be done if a scientist makes a product using nanotechnology?

A

They have to be critically evaluated by other scientists before they are accepted into the scientific community

Chemistry (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions