C2 - Bonding, Structure, and the Properties of Matter

Question 1

What does METALLIC BONDING form ?

Answer 1

Forms a lattice of ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons.

Metal electrons are free to move making them good conductors of heat and electricity.

Question 2

What do DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS show ?

Answer 2

The electrons on the outer shell.

Question 3

What is IONIC BONDING ?

Answer 3

Metals bonding to non-metals.

Metal atoms donating electrons to non-metals to form ions.

Question 4

METALS ALWAYS END UP

Answer 4

With an empty outer shell.

Question 5

What must CHARGES OF ALL IONS in an IONIC COMPOUND add up to ?

Answer 5

Charges in an Ionic compound must add up to ZERO.

Question 6

IONS ARE ARRANGED IN A

Answer 6

Lattice of repeating units of positive and negative ions

These form a crystal.

Question 7

What MELTING/BOILING POINTS do IONIC SUBSTANCES have and WHY?

Answer 7

Ionic substances have High Melting/Boiling points

Due to strong electrostatic forces between the ions

Question 8

When can IONIC SUBSTANCES ONLY CONDUCT ELECTRICITY ?

Answer 8

When molten or in solution ( dissolved )

This is because ions are free to move
( delocalised ) in these states and they carry charge.

Question 9

MOLECULAR IONS

Answer 9

Hydroxide Ion
Sulphate Ion
Carbonate Ion
Nitrate Ion
Ammonium Ion

Question 10

CATIONS ARE

Answer 10

Positive ions (+)

Question 11

ANIONS ARE

Answer 11

Negative ions (-)

Question 12

COVALENT BONDING IS

Answer 12

Non-metals bonding to each other.

Atoms sharing electrons to gain full outer shells.

Question 13

EVERY COVALENT BOND

Answer 13

Consists of a pair of shared electrons.

Question 14

IN COVALENT BONDING THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS EQUALS THE

Answer 14

the number of bonds it makes

Question 15

SIMPLE COVALENT STRUCTURES HAVE
MOLECULES with…

Answer 15

• A SMALL NUMBER of ATOMS
  AND
• LOW BOILING POINTS due to WEAK INTERMOLECULAR forces that need to be OVERCOME

Question 16

What does GIANT COVALENT BONDING RESULT in ?

Answer 16

• Structures that consist of REPEATING UNITS of ATOMS to MAKE GIANT MOLECULES
• eg. Diamond , Silica

Question 17

What MELTING POINTS do GIANT COVALENT BONDS have ?

Answer 17

• High melting points as you would have to BREAK the COVALENT BONDS

Question 18

What are the ALLOTROPES OF CARBON and what PROPERTIES do they have ?

Answer 18

Diamond :
Very hard substance due to very strong bonds.

Graphite :
Delocalised electrons form weak bonds between layers.
Can conduct electricity as these electrons can move. Layers can slide past each other.

Graphene : One layer of graphite

Fullerenes/Nanotubes : Used for electronics, composites and medical purposes eg. Buckminster Fullerene