C1 The perodic table

Question 1

Give the state and colour of each of the halogens at room temperature.

Answer 1

Chlorine = Green gas
Bromine = Orange liquid
Iodine = Grey solid
(Iodine forms a purple vapour when it is warmed)

Question 2

What do Group 0 gases have about their outer shell of electrons?

Answer 2

The outer shell of Group 0 is full which makes it both unreactive and very stable.

Question 3

Explain what we mean by a group on the periodic table

Answer 3

On the periodic table the vertical columns are calledgroups. If you look at their electrons you will find that group 1 elements have 1 electron on their outer shell, group 2 will have 2 outer electrons etc. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties - they are like a family!

Question 4

Name the most and least reactive alkali metal.

Answer 4

Lithium is the least reactive alkali metal and francium is the most reactive. Reactivity increases as you go down the group.

Question 5

Describe 3 things you would see if you put an alkali metal into water with universal indicator in it.

Answer 5

1. The metal floats
2. The metal fizzes as hydrogen gas is given off and can catch fire with a characteristic coloured flame.
3. Universal indicator turns from green to purple

Question 6

Alkali metals are shiny when they are first cut. Why do they go dull quickly?

Answer 6

Alkali metals go dull quickly because they react with oxygen to make a dull oxide layer.

Question 7

Explain what we mean by the Periodic Table

Answer 7

There are more than 100 different elements. The periodic table is a chart showing all the elements arranged in a particular way. The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups. Each group contains elements that have similar properties.

Question 8

Give an example of a use for each of the halogens (elements in Group 7)

Answer 8

Fluorine = in toothpaste
Chlorine = to kill microbes in swimming pools
Bromine = making pesticides or plastics
Iodine = steralising wounds

Question 9

What did Mendeleev do to improve Dalton and Newlands periodic table?

Answer 9

Mendeleev took their ideas but also left spaces where elements didn’t fit the pattern. Once elements were discovered they fitted in exactly proving his design worked.

Question 10

What are elements in group 7 called?

Answer 10

Elements in group 7 are called halogens

Question 11

Why are alkali metals stored in oil?

Answer 11

Alkali metals are stored in oil to prevent them reacting with air.

Question 12

What was the pattern that John Newlands noticed in the elements within Dalton’s periodic table?

Answer 12

John Newlands noticed that the eighth elements in Dalton’s periodic table had similar properties.

Question 13

John Dalton was the first person to start sorting elements into a periodic table. How did he sort them?

Answer 13

John Dalton sorted the elements in his periodic table by increasing atomic mass.

Question 14

How many electrons do Group 1 have in their outer shell?

Answer 14

Group 1 elements all have in 1 electron in their outer shell

Question 15

What determines the position of an element in the periodic table?

Answer 15

The atomic (proton) number

Question 16

What does the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom determine?

Answer 16

The element’s chemical properties

Question 17

The group number in the periodic table equals…

Answer 17

the number of electrons in the outermost shell

Question 17

Feature of Metals and Non-Metals

Answer 17

Metals tend to lose electrons
Non-Metals tend to gain electrons

Question 17

The noble gases in Group 0 are nonreactive because…

Answer 17

…of their very stable electron arrangements

Question 18

Features of Group 1 Elements (Alkali Metals)

Answer 18

. Their melting and boiling points decrease going down the group
. The metals all react with water to produce hydrogen and an alkaline solution containing the metal hydroxide
. They form 1+ ions in reactions to make ionic compounds. These are generally white and dissolve in water, giving colourless solutions.
. The reactivity of the alkali metals increases going down the group

Question 19

Features of Group 7 elements (Halogens)

Answer 19

. They have low melting and boiling points. They increase going down the group.
. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity
. The halogens all form ions with a single negative charge in their ionic compounds with metals.
. The halogens form covalent compounds by sharing electrons with other non-metals.
. A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from a solution of one of its salts.
. The reactivity of the halogens decreases going down the group.

Question 20

What three factors must be taken into account when deciding how easy it is for atoms to lose or gain electrons from their outermost shell:

Answer 20

. The distance between the outermost electrons and the nucleus
. The number of occupied inner shells (energy levels) of electrons, which provide a shielding effect
. the size of the positive charge on the nucleus (called the nuclear charge).

Question 21

Features of Transition Metals:

Answer 21

. Transition metals have higher melting points and densities when compared with alkali metals.
. The transition elements do not react vigorously with oxygen or water.
. A transition element can form ions with different charges, in compounds that are often coloured.
. Transition elements and their compounds are important industrial catalysts.