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2 > Ca > Flashcards

Ca Flashcards

1
Q

Tirofiban

A

Inhibit gbIIb/IIIa

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2
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Inhibit the psy12 (adp receptor)

Clavix

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3
Q

Aspirin

A

Inhibit cyclooxygenase and the synthesis of TXA2

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4
Q

Warfarin

A

Inhibit vitamin k epoxied reductase

Anticoagulant given if MI and atrial fibrillation

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5
Q

Reduced vitamin k

A

Important for carboxylation of factor 2 7 9 10 protein c and s

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6
Q

Physiologic inhibitors of coagulation

A

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (inhibit TF-VIIa complex)
Antithrombin III (synthesized in liver and endothelial cells, irreversibly binds and inhibits thrombin and other clotting factors)
Thrombomodulin (endothelial cells, binds to thrombin, decrease ability to produce fibrin, increase thrombin’s ability to activate protein c)
Protein c and s (inactivate factor 8 and 5)

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7
Q

Factor 5 Leiden

A

Do not respond to protein c (prothrombotic state)

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8
Q

Non-physiologic inhibitors of coagulation

A

Ca2+ chelator ( EDTA, Citrate, oxalate)
Vitamin k antagonist (warfarin)
Heparin (binds to and inactivate ATIII)
Direct thrombin inhibitors (dabigatran, argatroban)

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9
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator

A

Produced by endothelial cells

Plasmid digest fibrin

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10
Q

PAI

A

Plasminogen activator inhibitor

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11
Q

A2-antiplasmin or a2-macroglobulin

A

Inactivate plasmin

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12
Q

Alteplase

A

Synthetic plasminogen activator

Used immediately after a stroke, heart attack or pulmonary embolism

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13
Q

Cardiac glycoside

A

Digoxin
Oubain
Inhibit Na-k pump which result in intracellular Na and Ca accumulation (Na-Ca exchanger)

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14
Q

Positive iconographic agent

A

Cardiac glycosides (digoxin oubain)
Catecholamines
Glucagon
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

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15
Q

Negative ions tropic agents

A

Increased parasympathetic stimulation
Decrease sympathetic stimulation
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers

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16
Q

Staircase or tremendous phenomenon

A

Increases in heart rate enhance myocardial contractility

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17
Q

Afterload

A

Acceptable index is mean aortic pressure
After load is ventricular wall stress proportional to (P*r)/h
(Ventricular wall thickness increase afterload decrease

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18
Q

PR interval

A

0.12 - 0.20 sec

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19
Q

QRS duration

A

0.08 - 0.10 sec

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20
Q

QT interval

A

0.4 - 0.43 sec

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21
Q

RR interval

A

0.6 - 1 sec

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22
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Found in all tissue except CNS, cartilage, bone, bone marrow, thymus, placenta, cornea and teeth

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23
Q

Sternal angle

A 
Lamdmark: 
superior border of the pericardium
 bifurcation of the trachea 
End of the ascending aorta 
Beginning and end of the arch of the aorta 
Beginning of thoracic aorta
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24
Q

Border of heart

A

Right: right atrium
Inferior: right ventricle and small part of the left ventricle
Left: left ventricle
Superior: right and left atria and auricles

25
Q

Apex Of the heart

A

Located deep to left intercostal space approximately 9 cm from midline

26
Q

Surfaces of the heart

A

Sternocostal surface: formed by right ventricle
Diaphragmatic surface: formed by left ventricle and a small part of right ventricle
Left pulmonary surface: formed by left ventricle ( cardiac impression of the left lung)
Right pulmonary surface: right atrium

27
Q

Anterior cardiac vein

A

Bridge atrioventricular sulcus between right atrium and right ventricle. They drain anterior wall of right ventricle directly into right atrium

28
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Most vein are tributaries to the coronary sinus. The anterior cardiac veins are the exception to this rule

29
Q

Apex of the heart

A

Posterior interventricular branch and anterior interventricular branch anastomoses

30
Q

Crux of the heart

A

Posterior interventricular sulcus meets the coronary sulcus

Artery of the atrioventricular node arises from right coronary artery

31
Q

SA node

A

Superior end of crystal terminalis at the junction between right atrium and the superior vena cava

32
Q

AV node

A

In the interatrial septum above the opening of the coronary sinus

33
Q

Septomarginal trabecula ( moderator band)

A

Extend fro. The interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle.
Contain part of right bundle of the conducting system, the part that stimulates the anterior papillary muscle

34
Q

Conus arteriosus ( infundibulum)

A

Cone shaped portion of right ventricle inferior to the opening of pulmonary trunk
The inner wall is smooth

35
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

3 cusps: anterior, right and left

It has one fibrous nodule and two lungless that help seal the valve cusps and prevent back flow of blood during diastole

36
Q

Aortic valve

A 
3 cusps: right, left and posterior 
One module and two lunules
37
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

Diffuse ST elevation in all lead

38
Q

Subendocardial infarction

A

Result from repeated episodes of temporary occlusion of coronary artery
ECG finding show ST segment depression

39
Q

MI of inferior portion of the heart RV

A

ECG finding ST segment elevation in lead 2 3 and avf

40
Q

Infarction to septum

A

Coronary artery involved LAD

ECG finding ST elevation in v2 and v3

41
Q

Infarction to lateral wall LV

A

Artery: left circumflex

ECG finding ST elevation in lead 1 avl v5 and v6

42
Q

Mitral regurgitation

A

Cause holosystolic murmur heard best at the cardiac apex
It can be sometimes confused with tricuspid regurgitation however, the murmur of tricuspid regurgitation becomes louder with inspiration

43
Q

U wave

A

Seen in case of hypokalemia and bradycardia

44
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

No discrete p waves
Irregularly spaced QRS complexes
Atrial contraction is ineffective causing decreased cardiac output and predisposes for emboli formation and subsequent stroke
Treated with warfarin

45
Q

Azygos vein

A

Formed by the union of the right ascending lumbar vein and right subcostal vein
Drain blood from posterior part of the intercostal spaces, posterior abdominal wall, pericardium, diaphragm, bronchi and the esophagus
Ascend through the aortic opening in the diaphragm on the right side of the aorta to the level the fifth thoracic vertebra here it arches froward above the root of the right lung to empty into posterior surface of superior vena cava

46
Q

Inferior hemiazygos vein

A

Formed by the union of left ascending lumbar vein and left subcostal vein
Ascend through left crus of the diaphragm and at the level of eighth thoracic vertebra turn to the right and joins the azygos vein

47
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Pierces the central tendon of the diaphragm opposite to the eighth thoracic vertebrae and almost immediately enters the lowest part of the right atrium

48
Q

Arterial pressure

A

Controlled independently of either local blood flow or cardiac output control

49
Q

Short term arterial blood pressure regulation work on

A

Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

50
Q

Long term arterial blood pressure regulation works on

A

Arterial volume homeostasis

51
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

Expiring against a closed glottis

Test the integrity of baroreceptor reflex

52
Q

MAP equation

A

MAP: CO*TPR

53
Q

Vascular endothelium

A

Mesoderm cell origin

54
Q

Wall stress

A

Wall stress= (pressure * radius)/(2 * wall thickness)

55
Q

Wall tension

A

Wall tension= pressure * radius

56
Q

Coronary artery

A

Derived from epicardium and neural crest cell
Some epicardial cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition induced by underlying myocardium
The newly formed mesenchymal cell contribute to endothelial and smooth muscle of coronary arteries

57
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Increase the force of heart pumping
Cause contraction of the large venous reservoir to provide more blood to the heart
Cause generalized constriction of most of the arterioles throughout the body so more blood accumulate in large arteries to increase the arterial pressure

58
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Directly proportional to velocity of blood flow, diameter of blood vessel and the density of the blood and is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the blood
In small vessels no turbulence

2 (2 decks)

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