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D2-4/CBL > CAM102 EXAMS > Flashcards

CAM102 EXAMS Flashcards

1
Q

What things are looked for during local inspection of a limb?

A

SEADS; skin changes, erythema, atrophy, deformity and swelling

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2
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in an ACL injury

A

MOI: non-contact, pivoting and/or sudden deceleration
- antalgic gait, swelling. unable to bear weight/walk
- tenderness over joint line
- painful and restricted movement
- positive lachman’s, patellar tap and anterior draw test

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3
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in a PCL injury

A

MOI: contact, direct blow to posterior tibia with flexed knee
- antalgic gait, swelling
- mild tenderness over joint line
- restricted by hemarthrosis
- positive posterior draw and sag sign

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4
Q

what is the difference between and effusion and a haemarthrosis

A

effusion: serous fluid, takes hours to develop and is related to a meniscal injury or osteoarthritis.
hemarthrosis: blood, develops quickly and is related to ACL/PCL tears, patellar dislocations, intraarticular fractures etc

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5
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in a MCL sprain

A

MOI: valgus stress on partially flexed knee
- localised superficial swelling on medial joint line
- tenderness to palpate over MCL; pain over MCL at full extension and flexion
- valgus stress test positive for pain; laxity and no end point

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6
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in an ATFL ligament sprain

A
  • lateral ankle pain
  • bruising
  • tenderness over ligament (anterior to fibula)
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7
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in an Acromioclavicular joint injury/degeneration

A
  • swelling and pain localised to AC joint region
  • tenderness directly over this region
  • muscle asymmetry or atrophy; deformity ‘piano key deformity’
  • painful/limited active and passive movement
  • difficulty with over head arm movements
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8
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in an Anterior glenohumeral dislocation

A

MOI: Fall on outstretched hand
- immediate and severe pain
- inability to move affected arm
- swelling or bruising with obvious deformity

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9
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in a Supraspinatus muscle/tendon injury

A
  • compression of the supraspinatus tendon
  • acute or chronic tendinopathy
  • swelling or muscle atrophy
  • tenderness over greater tuberosity of humerus
  • limited/painful range of movement
  • pain in empty can test
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10
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in a Subscapularis muscle/tendon injury

A
  • anterior shoulder pain
  • no physical deformity, unless in severe cases; atrophy of subscap
  • tenderness over subscap muscle belly
  • pain/restricted internal rotation
  • positive belly press test
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11
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in Tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis/common extensor tendinopathy at the elbow

A
  • no obvious deformity
  • swelling over lateral epicondyle
  • tenderness along common extensor tendon
  • painful resisted wrist extension and resisted 3rd finger extension
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12
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in a Scaphoid fracture

A

MOI: FOOSH
- deep, dull pain on radial wrist
- worse with gripping or squeezing
- bruising, tenderness and swelling in snuffbox
- pain with movement, particularly radial deviation. restricted radiocarpal wrist movement

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13
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in Rheumatoid arthritis of the hand

A
  • morning stiffness
  • symmetrical joint pain and swelling
  • deformity of fingers at MCP, PIP and/or DIP joints
  • tender joints
  • reduced grip strength
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14
Q

DESCRIBE upper motor neuron lesions

A

occur anywhere from the cerebral cortex, the brainstem and the lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord (before the anterior horn cells)

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15
Q

DESCRIBE lower motor neuron lesions

A

Lower motor neuron clinical features occur when there is an injury to the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord or the peripheral nerve.

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16
Q

examination features of LMN injuries

A
  • decreased tone
  • decreased reflexes
  • plantarflexion [normal] or absent
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17
Q

examination features of UMN injuries

A
  • increased tone
  • increased reflexes; clonus
  • extensor / babinski response
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18
Q

what is average temperature [tympanic]

A

37.3

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19
Q

what is normal pulse rate

A

60-100bpm
- higher in children

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20
Q

define brachycardia

A

pulse below expected range

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21
Q

define tachycardia

A

pulse above expected range

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22
Q

what is normal respiratory rate

A

16-25bpm
- usually around 20/min
- higher in children

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23
Q

define tachypnoea

A

respiratory rate in the upper limit of normal
- above 25/min

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24
Q

define bradypnoea

A

respiratory rate in the lower limit of normal
- below 8/min

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25
Q

what is normal BP for an adult

A

120/80

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26
Q

define hypertension

A

blood pressure over 140/90

27
Q

define hypotension

A

blood pressure below 90/60

28
Q

what is systolic blood pressure

A
  • The maximal pressure in the arterial system
  • when blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the systemic arterial system
29
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure

A
  • lowest pressure in the arterial system
30
Q

nerve root syndrome for S1/2

A

ankle jerk

31
Q

nerve root syndrome for L3/4

A

knee jerk

32
Q

nerve root syndrome for C5/6

A

biceps and brachioradialis

33
Q

nerve root syndrome for C7/8

A

triceps

34
Q

define Modifiable factors

A

Factors such as diet, education and employment may modify these early risks and long term outcomes
- such as the risk of developing diabetes or obesity

35
Q

what are the three periods seen in the first 1000 days of life

A

perinatal period, neonatal period and infancy

36
Q

define social determinants of health

A

non-medical factors that influence health outcomes
- conditions of which people work, grow, live and age

37
Q

examples of social determinants of health

A
  • income
  • education
  • employment/ job security
  • food security
  • early childhood development
  • housing, basic amenities and safe environments
38
Q

define behavioural determinants of health

A
  • characteristics or attributes that influences an individual’s and a communities risk of developing a disease and experiencing poor health or quality of health
  • can directly and indirectly influence values and beliefs, emotional states, and patterns of behaviour
39
Q

examples of behavioural determinants of health

A
  • tobacco use
  • alcohol consumption
  • drug use
  • sexual habits
  • vaccination
40
Q

what are risk factors

A

conditions or variables associated with a lower likelihood of positive outcomes

41
Q

what are protective factors

A

enhance the likelihood of positive outcomes and lessen the likelihood of negative consequences from exposure to risk.

42
Q

what are nutritional determinants of health

A

social, personal, structural, environmental and physical factors that influence an individual/communities dietary habits and access to numerous food sources

43
Q

what are some drivers of food inseurity

A
  • climate variability and extremes
  • technology and innovation
  • economic slowdowns
  • political and institutional
  • sociocultural
  • demographics
44
Q

define biological determinants of health

A

individual characteristics of a person or community that have a biological background
- can influence health, wellbeing and quality of life

45
Q

examples of biological determinants of health

A
  • family predisposition
  • congenital disorder/conditions
  • birth defects
  • persons age, sex, genetic characteristic
46
Q

define environmental determinants of health

A

The physical, chemical and biological environment we live in affects our wellbeing
- can be categorised as built, or natural

47
Q

examples of environmental determinants of health

A

NATURAL
- access to water, food, air quality, climate change, ultraviolet radiation
BUILT
- housing, transport, urban areas VS rural, water resources

48
Q

define political determinants of health

A

ideology of a given government
- determines how taxpayers’ funds are allocated, and how well its expenditure on healthcare addresses the issues of equity, fairness, and social justice

49
Q

why is health political

A
  • health is unevenly distributed
  • many health determinants are dependent upon political action
  • health is a critical dimension of human rights and citizenship
50
Q

define structural determinants of health

A

rooted in social and political mechanisms that create societal stratification and class divisions

51
Q

define medical advocacy

A

supporting health consumers, families and carers to receive healthcare that meets their needs

52
Q

define upstream determinants

A

determinants that are preexisting; either very difficult to change, or completely unchangeable
- social and cultural determinants of health: birth weight, genetic factors

53
Q

define midstream determinants

A

comprised of factors that can be both independent of or a resultant of upstream factors
- environmental determinants: housing, safe air/water/soil
- behavioural determinants: smoking, drinking, exercised habits

54
Q

define downstream determinants

A

biological determinants manifesting as physiological responses
- when many people are presenting to the GP
- hypertension, body weight, impaired glucose regulation, etc

55
Q

define a boundary violation

A

contraventions against the requirements of professional practice that are harmful to a patient
- sexual relationship between doctor and patient

56
Q

define boundary crossing

A

non-exploitative actions that depart from the accepted professional standards
- disclosing extremely personal details to a patient

57
Q

what are the ethical considerations around receiving gifts

A
  • doctors must not encourage or accept inducements, loans, money, bequests or gifts from patients.
  • small gifts are likely not of great concern, however ones that are frequent or of larger value are to be declined
58
Q

define narrative ethics

A

provides a framework for ethical decision making.
- informs that to make an ethical decision regarding the life and well-being of an individual, one must view that individual’s stories, history, and character as a key component of the decision-making process

59
Q

list coping strategies

A
  • confrontive coping
  • distancing
  • escape and avoidance
  • accepting responsibility
  • positive reappraisal
  • seeking social support
60
Q

what are the key principles that support medical confidentiality

A

patient autonomy, trust + respect for person

61
Q

define conscientious objection

A

occurs when a doctor refuses to take part in a legitimate medical treatment or procedure due to their personal values or beliefs

62
Q

list four theories of justice

A

JUSTICE AS EQUALITY
- everyone should be equal
NEED-BASED JUSTICE
- everyone should get things based on need
MERIT-BASED JUSTICE
- things based on what is deserved
JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS
- favouring the least well off

63
Q

Using the Musculoskeletal Examination Framework, describe the examination findings that you might expect in carpal tunnel syndrome

A
  • compression of the median nerve
  • may feel numbness, weakness, pain in the hand and wrist
  • fingers may become swollen and useless
64
Q

Outline the main areas covered by a HEADSSS assessment

A

Psychosocial interview for adolescents
- Home
- education/employment
- activities
- drugs + alcohol
- sexuality + gender
- suicide/ depression / self harm
- safety

D2-4/CBL (1 decks)

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