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AP BIO > Campbell and Reece Chapter 53 > Flashcards

Campbell and Reece Chapter 53 Flashcards

1
Q

succession

A

process of community development which involves species in one stage being replaced by different species

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2
Q

primary succession

A

change in species composition over time in a habitat which was not previously inhabited by organisms

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3
Q

secondary succession

A

change in species composition after a disturbance removes previous vegetation (soil is present)

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4
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

species richness is greatest at moderate levels of disturbance

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5
Q

orgasmic model (Clement)

A

cooperative view of the community, the stresses the interaction of members, which tend to cluster in tightly knit groups within discrete community borders

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6
Q

individualistic model (Gleason)

A

each species has its own abiotic living requirements, not dependent on associations of organisms

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7
Q

community

A

consists of different species that live and interact in the same place at the same time

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8
Q

ecosystem

A

biological community and its abiotic environment

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9
Q

community structure

A

characteristic properties in communities that populations lack

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10
Q

examples of community structure

A 
○ Types and numbers of species present
○ Relative abundance of each species
○ Interaction among different species
○ Community resilience to disturbances
○ Energy/nutrient flow throughout the community
- Productivity
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11
Q

community ecology

A

description and analysis of patterns and processes in a wide variety of communities

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12
Q

facilitation

A

species that interact in positive ways which modifies and enhances the local environment of other species

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13
Q

competition

A

occurs when two or more individuals attempt to use the same essential resource

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14
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition within the population

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15
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition outside the population

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16
Q

resource partitioning

A

reduced competition among coexisting species because of each species’ niche differing from the others in one or more ways

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17
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

hypothesized that one species excludes another from its niche as a result of interspecific competition

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18
Q

character displacement

A

divergence in traits of two species living in the same geographic area

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19
Q

predation

A

consumption of one species

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20
Q

prey

A

species eaten during predation

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21
Q

predator

A

species eating during predation

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22
Q

prey defense techniques

A
  • chemical protection
  • physical protection
  • aposematic coloration
  • cryptic coloration
  • batesian mimicry
  • Mullerian mimicry
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23
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

conspicuous colors or patterns which advertise a species’ un-palatability to potential predators

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24
Q

cryptic coloration

A

colors or markings that help hide from predators by blending into their physical surroundings

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25
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

a form of defense where a defenseless species is protected from predation by its resemblence to a species that is dangerous in some way

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26
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

different species, all of which are poisonous or harmful, resemble one another so that predators more easily identify the one aposematic coloration

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27
Q

Predator tactics

A

pursuit, ambush

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28
Q

coevolution

A

interdependent evolution of two species

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29
Q

symbiosis

A

intimate relationship or association between two or more members of a species

30
Q

mutualism

A

symbiotic relationship in which both symbionts benefit

31
Q

commensalism

A

symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont is benefited and the other is neither helped nor harmed

32
Q

obligate mutualism

A

mutualism that is essential to the survival of both symbionts

33
Q

facultative mutualism

A

mutualism in which either symbiont can live on its own under certain condititions

34
Q

Examples of mutualism

A

nitrogen fixing bacteria and legume
reef-building animals and zooxanthellae
mycorrhizae

35
Q

mycorrhizae

A

mutualistic associations between fungi and the roots of plants

36
Q

parasitism

A

symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont is benefited and the other is harmed

37
Q

parasite

A

benefits from parasitism

38
Q

host

A

harmed by parasites in parasitism

39
Q

pathogen

A

parasite that causes disease and sometimes the death of its host

40
Q

ectoparasites

A

ticks and other parasites that live outside of the host’s body

41
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites like tapeworms that live within the host’s body

42
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

amoebic dysentery

43
Q

Plasmodium

A

an apicomplexan that causes malaria

44
Q

ecological niche

A

a species’ ecological role within the structure and function of a community

45
Q

factors a niche considers

A

abiotic and biotic parts of existence
habitat, predation, and competition
interaction with abiotic factors

46
Q

fundamental niche

A

potential ecological niche of a species

47
Q

realized niche

A

lifestyle a species actually pursues and the resources it actually uses

48
Q

habitat

A

local environment in which a species lives

49
Q

structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations…

A

determine tolerance for environmental extremes

50
Q

limiting resource

A

any environmental resource that because it is scare or unfavorable tends to restrict the ecological niche of species

51
Q

examples of limiting resources

A

soil’s mineral content
temperature extremes
precipitation amounts

52
Q

keystone species

A

certain species that are crucial in determining the nature of the entire community (its species composition and ecosystem functioning)

53
Q

characteristics of keystone species

A
  • usually not the most abundant
  • often affect the amount of limiting resources
  • difficult to measure direct and indirect impacts on ecosystem
  • many are apex predators
54
Q

dominant species

A

greatly affect the community because they are very common

55
Q

examples of dominant species

A
  • trees in a forest
  • cordgrass in salt marshes
  • coral in coral reefs
56
Q

species richness

A

number of species in a community

57
Q

factors determining number of species

A 
structural complexity of habitats
geographic isolation
habitat stress
closeness to the margins of adjacent communities
geological history
58
Q

species richness is ___ related to geographic isolation

why?

A

inversely

distance effect
isolated areas are smaller and have fewer niches

59
Q

distance effect

A

difficulty encountered by many species in reaching and successfully colonizing the island

60
Q

species richness is ___ related to environmental stress; why?

A

inversely; species richness- energy hypothesis

61
Q

species richness- energy hypothesis

A

suggests that different latitudes affect species richness because of variations in solar energy

62
Q

species richness is ___ related to closeness to margins of communities; why?

A

directly; more ecological niches because of being in the ecotone

63
Q

ecotone

A

transitional zone where two or more communities meet

64
Q

species richness is ___ related to structural complexity; why?

A

directly; greater complexity= more niches to fill

65
Q

species richness is ___ related to less disturbed, stable communities

A

directly; time hypothesis

66
Q

time hypothesis

A

idea that older, more stable habitats have greater species richness than habitats subjected to frequent widespread disturbances

67
Q

disturbance

A

any event in time that disrupts community or population structure

68
Q

community stability

A

ability of a community to withstand disturbances

69
Q

species diversity-

A

measure of the relative importance of each species within a community

70
Q

diversity indices

A

mathematical expression to represent species diversity

AP BIO (5 decks)

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